Kodi nkhandwe ndi chilombo chowopsa kapena chowerengera?

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Kwa anthu ambiri, nkhandwe si nyama yakutchire chabe, koma chithunzi cha archetypal chodziwika bwino kuyambira ali mwana. Sizodabwitsa kuti adakhala munthu wopeka m'nthano. Anthu akhala akuwopa ndi kulemekeza chilombochi kuyambira kale. Anawopseza ana osamvera ndi nkhandwe, yotchedwa mchimwene wake wamkulu, analemba nthano ndi zonena za iye.

M'zinenero za anthu osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, mawu akuti nkhandwe ndi makonsonanti. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti idabadwira mchilankhulo chakale cha Chisilavo ndipo amatanthauza "kukoka" kapena "kukoka". Mwachiwonekere, dzinalo linachokera ku njira yokokera nyama (kukoka patsogolo panu).

Malo ndi kufalitsa padziko lapansi

Zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, nkhandwe inali nyama yofala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mpaka pano, malo okhala atsika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi ndikuwononga kanyama kofala ndi munthu. Masiku ano, mitundu yambiri ya nyama imakhala m'dera la mayiko otsatirawa: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Georgia, China, Korea, Iran, Indonesia, India, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Scandinavia ndi mayiko a Baltic, mayiko aku South America, Italy, Poland, Spain , Portugal, Mexico, USA, Canada.

Nkhandwe imazolowera kukhala mdera lililonse, koma imayesetsa kukhazikika m'malo okhala ndi mitengo yochepa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango, nthawi zonse amatsatira anthu, kusankha malo okhala, kudula mitengo.

M'madera amapiri amakhala m'malire a madambo, posankha malo olimba pang'ono.

Nkhandwe ndi imodzi mwa nyama zamadera. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhosa zimangokhala. Malo okhala gulu la nkhosa amakhala ndi zilembo. Dera la gawo lotere limatha kukhala mpaka 44 km. Pakangoyamba miyezi yofunda, nyamazo zimapanga awiriawiri.

Olimba mtima akupitilizabe kukhala mdera lawo, pomwe enawo amabalalika. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mimbulu imatsagana ndi gulu la agwape ndi ziweto.

Makolo a mimbulu ndi chisinthiko

Yemwe angakhale kholo la nkhandwe yamakono ndi Canis lepophagus. Uyu ndi woimira mtundu wa canine womwe umakhala m'chigawo cha North America munthawi ya Miocene.

Mimbulu yoyamba yowona idawonekera koyambirira kwa Pleistocene. Mwa mitunduyo panali ma priscolatrans a Canis, omwe ndi ochepa kukula kwake. Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu ndi kholo la nkhandwe yofiyira, yomwe idasamukira ku Europe ndi Asia.

M'tsogolomu, ma priscolatrans a Canis adasintha ndikusintha, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti C. Mosbachensis - mtundu womwe umafanana kwambiri ndi oimira amakono. Popita nthawi, C. Mosbachensis adasanduka Canis lupus.

Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse

Sayansi imadziwa za mitundu 32 ndi mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya mimbulu. Maganizo osangalatsa adzafotokozedwa pansipa.

Arctic (kumadera ozungulira)

Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya nkhandwe imvi. Kugawidwa ku Greenland, kumpoto kwa Canada ndi Alaska. Kusakhalapo kwa anthu kumadera ozizira, achisanu kunapangitsa kuti zisunge chilengedwe momwe zidaliri poyamba.

Nkhandwe ya arctic ili ndi thupi lalikulu komanso lamphamvu. Yaimuna ikamafota imatha kufikira 1 mita, ndi kulemera kwa 100 kg. Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi zachiwerewere (amuna amaposa akazi ndi 15-16%).

Nyamayo imasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo munyengo ya usiku, kuti ifufuze nyama, idutsa mtunda wautali m'chigwa chachisanu. Wamkulu amatha kudya makilogalamu 12 a nyama nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zambiri, palibe chomwe chimatsalira, chifukwa mimbulu yoyandikira sikudya nyama, koma imameza limodzi ndi mafupa.

Oimira mitundu iyi amakhala m'magulu a anthu 12-15. Mutu wa gulu lotere sangakhale wamwamuna yekha, komanso wamkazi. Pali nthawi zina pomwe paketi imalandira mimbulu yokha (ngati imvera mtsogoleri).

Wodzazidwa

Mitunduyi idatchulidwa ndi ubweya wautali womwe umakwirira khosi ndi mapewa. Khungu limafanana ndi manejala wa kavalo. Malo okhala kwambiri ndi South America.

Mmbulu wamamuna uli ndi utoto wofiyira. Mbali yapadera ya mitunduyi ndi makutu akulu ndi mutu wopingasa. Mwamaonekedwe, chilombocho chikuwoneka chowonda. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu sikupitirira 25 kg.

Nkhandwe yamwamuna ndi mlenje yekhayo. Amasankha ziweto zazing'ono, mbalame, ndi zokwawa ngati nyama. Imadyetsanso zipatso.

Zosangalatsa! Zaka zingapo zapitazo, panali chiwopsezo cha kutha kwa mitundu iyi. Lero, vutoli lathetsedwa, koma chinyama chikupitilizabe kukhalabe mu Red Book.

Mackensens

Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri yomwe imapezeka ku North America. Kulemera kwake kwa nyama kumatha kufikira makilogalamu 80, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 90. Munthuyo amasaka mbawala, ng'ombe zamphongo, elk ndi njati.

Phiri (lofiira)

Nkhandwe yamapiri ili ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Ubweya wake ndi wofanana ndi mtundu wa nkhandwe. Kulemera kwake kuli pang'ono makilogalamu 20. Kutalika sikudutsa masentimita 100. Mtundu umadalira dera lokhalamo. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wofewa, wofewa komanso wolimba. Poyamba kutentha, zimatenga mtundu wakuda ndikuyamba kukuwa.

Zowononga za mtunduwu zimakhala ndikudya msipu pagulu la anthu 12-15. Palibe mtsogoleri wowoneka bwino mdera lawo. Mbawala, antelopes kapena makoswe akuluakulu amasankhidwa ngati nyama. Gulu lamphamvu lingawombe ng'ombe kapena ingwe. Pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, mmbulu wofiira umatha kudya nyama zakufa.

Zosangalatsa! Mbali yapadera ya nkhandwe yamapiri ndiyo njira yomenyera wovulalayo. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina (ndi mayini onse), imawombera nyama kuchokera kumbuyo, osayesa kukumba m'khosi.

Nyamayo imakhala mobisa, kuyesera kukonza malo oimikapo magalimoto kutali ndi anthu. Izi zimalepheretsa kuphunzira.

Mutu wofiira

Maonekedwe a nkhandwe yofiira amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a imvi, okhawo ofiira ndi ochepera kukula ndi kulemera, komanso amakhala ndi makutu ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Thupi limatha kutalika kwa 130 cm ndi 40 kg kulemera. Mtunduwo sakhala wa monochromatic, mphuno ndi miyendo ndizofiyira, ndipo kumbuyo kuli mdima.

Zowononga zimakhazikika m'madambo, m'mapiri ndi m'mapiri. Ziweto zimakhala ndi anthu azaka zosiyanasiyana. Mu gulu, sipakhala chiwawa chilichonse kwa mamembala ena.

Nkhandwe yofiyira imadya osati nyama yokha, komanso zomera. Amakonda makamaka akalulu, makoswe ndi ma raccoons. Zosowa kwambiri, koma zimaukira nyama zazikulu. Pali nthawi zina pomwe nyamayo imasandukanso mphaka kapena mphalapala.

Nkhandwe wamba

Mitundu imeneyi imatchedwa nkhandwe yakuda. Ndiyo nyama yofala kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 160 cm, kulemera - 80 kg.

Nyamayo imakhala ku North America, komanso ku Eurasia. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chiwerengerochi chatsika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kuwonongedwa kwaumunthu. Ndipo ku North America kokha anthu amakhala pamlingo wokhazikika.

Zomwe mimbulu imadya

Nkhandwe ndi chilombo. Nthawi zambiri amasankha nyama zotsatirazi:

Roe.
Antelope.
Nguluwe.
Mbawala.
Kalulu.
Elk.

Mitundu yaying'ono, komanso anthu osungulumwa, amalimbana ndi nyama zazing'ono - makoswe, gopher, mbalame. Sizingathe kusankha nyama ikakumana ndi chilombo chachikulu, ngakhale pali nthawi zina pamene ziweto zimavulaza kapena zimbalangondo zogona ndi ankhandwe.

Pa nthawi ya njala, amatha kubwerera ku mitembo yomwe idadya theka. Panthawi ngati imeneyi, nyama zolusa sizinyansitsa zakufa.

Kuphatikiza pa nyama, amadya zipatso zamtchire, zipatso, udzu, mavwende, mavwende. Chakudya chotere chimakupatsani mwayi wambiri wamadzimadzi.

Kubereka ndi kulera ana

Mimbulu imapangidwa nthawi zonse. Ngati m'modzi mwaomwe amwalira, winayo sakufuna wina woti alowe m'malo mwake. Nyama zimakhala m'magulu a anthu 12 mpaka 45 (kutengera mitundu).

Pali utsogoleri wolongosoka momveka bwino mdera la nkhandwe. Mutu ndi nyama ya alpha (itha kukhala yamwamuna kapena wamkazi). Ndiye pali achikulire, mimbulu yokha, ndi ana agalu. Nthawi zambiri, anthu osungulumwa amalandiridwa m'gulu. Mkhalidwe waukuluwo ndi malingaliro ololera kwa mamembala ena a paketiyo. Ana agalu akafika zaka zitatu, amawathamangitsa ku conglomerate. Yakwana nthawi yoti mupeze wokwatirana nanu nokha ndikuyambitsa banja.

Zosangalatsa! Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ana agalu obadwira m'matumba amodzi sadzakwatirana.

Nthawi yovuta kwambiri m'moyo wa paketi ndi nthawi yokhwima, pomwe amuna ndi akazi a alpha amayesa kuthana ndi mamembala ena. Kumenyana pakati pa nyama nthawi zambiri kumathera paimfa.

Kwa zinyalala imodzi, mmbulu wake uli ndi ana agalu atatu mpaka 15. Anawo amaswa kwa miyezi yoposa iwiri. Ana agalu amabadwa akhungu. Maso amatsegulidwa masiku 10-14 atabadwa.

Mimbulu m'malo osungira nyama - mawonekedwe osunga ukapolo

Mimbulu yomwe ili kumalo osungira nyama imakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa achibale (oyamba amakhala zaka 20, yachiwiri kuyambira 8 mpaka 15). Izi ndichifukwa choti kuthengo, okalamba, osatha kupeza chakudya, amamwalira kapena kuzunzidwa ndi obadwa nawo.

Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wathunthu mu ukapolo, zinthu zapadera ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Chowonadi ndichakuti nyama yachilengedwe imayenda makilomita 20 tsiku lililonse. Ichi ndi katundu wabwinobwino komanso wofunikira, chifukwa chake payenera kukhala malo oyenera kukula. Ndibwino kuti mukonzenso malo omwe nyama ziyenera kukhalamo.

Wamkulu ayenera kudya mpaka 2 kg ya nyama yatsopano tsiku lililonse. M'nyengo yozizira, mlingo umakwera mpaka 3 kg.

Zakudya zamoyo ziyenera kubweretsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti zisunge nzeru za mlenje.

Mbiri yakubadwa kwa nkhandwe kukhala galu

Nthawi zambiri ana ang'onoang'ono amagwera m'manja mwa alenje. Samatenga nyama nthawi zonse kupita kumalo osungira nyama. Wina amawabweretsa kunyumba, wina amawagulitsa. Zoterezi zikufunika, pali anthu owopsa omwe akufuna kupeza chilombo. Ndipo chilakolako chofuna kuweta chiweto kuchokera kuthengo chimakulitsa chisangalalo.

Nthawi zambiri, zisankho zotere zimakhala zolakwika komanso zosatetezeka. Nkhandwe kwenikweni ndi chilombo. Kuyambira kunyumba kuli ngati kubzala bomba la nthawi. Posakhalitsa kapena pambuyo pake ziphulika.

Ngati nyamayi ikuwonekera mnyumba, choyambirira ndikofunikira kupanga zinthu zonse zomwe zimatsimikizira chitetezo. Mmbulu ndi nyama yochenjera, yokonda ufulu komanso yochenjera, chifukwa chake adzawononga nthawi yake yonse kuyesayesa kutuluka mu khola. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuphunzira zinthu zakale kuchokera kwa anthu. Mwanjira ina, amatha kukumbukira momwe munthu amatsegulira khola ndikuchita yekha.

Ndikofunikira kokha kusunga nkhandwe kunyumba mu khola lapadera, kapena mlengalenga. Ndi bwino kuphatikizira katswiri pakumanga kwake. Khola lomwe lasonkhanitsidwa mwachangu kuchokera kuzinthu zodula limatha kumasula chilombocho ndikubweretsa tsoka.

Mfundo ina yomwe aliyense ayenera kudziwa yemwe akufuna kuweta nyama zakutchire. Sadzagwira ntchito ngati galu. Mmbulu ndi chilombo, ndipo munthu ndi mdani wake, azimuopa nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, pamene mlendo ayesa kulowa mnyumba, amayesa kubisala.

Zambiri zamakanema

Zosangalatsa

Kuyesera kosiyanasiyana kwa oweta kwadzetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhandwe ndi galu. Lero, mitundu iwiri yosakanikirana imadziwika - nkhandwe yaku Czechoslovakian ndi ma Sarloos.
Mu Middle Ages, iye adatchulidwa ngati mtumiki wa mdierekezi. Nkhani zambiri, nthano, nthano zinalembedwa, momwe chithunzi cha nyama yakutchire chidawonekera.
Zovala zambiri zamabanja olemekezeka ku Europe zinali ndi chithunzi cha nkhandwe. Oimira mayina akale ankanena kuti banja lawo linachokera ku werewolves (chisakanizo cha munthu ndi nkhandwe).
Nkhondo isanachitike, ma Vikings aku Scandinavia adavala zikopa za nkhandwe ndikumwa magazi a nyama zolusa. M'malingaliro awo, mwambowu umayenera kubweretsa mwayi.
M'zaka za zana la 16, Ireland idatchedwa nkhandwe. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali magulu ambiri a zolusa amene amakhala m'mayiko amenewa.
Modekha, nyama imatha kumva phokoso pamtunda wa makilomita 17.
Mimbulu ndi osambira abwino kwambiri. Amatha kusambira mtunda wamakilomita 10 nthawi imodzi.
Hitler anali wokonda nyama izi. Pachifukwa ichi, ambiri kulikulu la Wehrmacht anali ndi mayina okhudzana ndi zolusa.
Zinali zachizolowezi pakati pa Aaziteki kuboola munthu wakufa pachifuwa ndi fupa la nkhandwe. M'malingaliro awo, mothandizidwa ndi mwambowu, munthu amatha kupulumutsidwa kuimfa.
M'Chijapani, mawu akuti nkhandwe amatanthauza "mulungu wamkulu".

Kuyang'ana mimbulu kwazaka mazana ambiri, munthu adazindikira kuti chilombo chirombo chanzeru komanso chanzeru, osati mlenje komanso wakupha. Chithunzi cha kupulumuka kuthengo, kukhala awiriawiri, kumanga makwerero olowera m'malo mwa gulu, kumatithandiza kuti tikambirane za kupambanaku kwa nyamayi.

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