Gome liti lomwe mungasankhe bwino kukhitchini, kutengera mawonekedwe, zakuthupi

Matebulo amitundu yonse odyera amasokoneza aliyense. Makulidwe, mitundu, zida zopangira, mtundu, mawonekedwe ndizosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti kusankha bwino kumakhala kovuta. Momwe mungapezere tebulo losavuta komanso lothandiza kukhitchini, komwe kuli koyenera kusankha - ogula ambiri amafunsa mafunso awa. Ndikofunika kuganizira kukula kwake ndi kasinthidwe ka chipindacho, kalembedwe kamkati, mtundu ndi zakumutu, kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala mnyumbamo.

Mitundu yotchuka

Siyanitsani pakati pa matebulo osasinthika (akale) ndi opinda. Zophimba pazomaliza zitha kukhala:

• kutsetsereka - zimasokera mbali, tabu yowonjezera imalowetsedwa m'malo opanda kanthu;
• retractable - m'mphepete mwa tebulo amamangiriridwa ku miyendo iwiri ndi odzigudubuza, osagwira ntchito tebulo labisika kwathunthu munyumba ina;
• kulumikizidwa kapena kupindidwa - tebulo limalumikizidwa kumtunda ndi m'mphepete mwake, osagwira ntchito gome limafanana ndi khoma ndipo silitenga malo.

Gome lodyera lokhala ndi chivindikiro chotsekera ndiye mtundu wotchuka kwambiri. Iyi ndi njira yothandiza, yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kulandira kampani yayikulu. Pali mapangidwe angapo amatebulo otsetsereka:

1. Pamwamba pa tebulo pokha pamasunthika, chimango sichimasintha mawonekedwe. Izi ndizomwe mungachite, momwe mbali zina za chivindikirocho zimakankhidwira mbali, ndipo zinthu zowonjezera zimayikidwa m'malo omasuka. M'chigawo chowonjezerachi, mipando ina iwiri imawonekera.
2. Chojambulacho sichikulitsa, zinthu zowonjezera zimatuluka pansi pa tebulo lalikulu. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa zida zosinthira, mipando ikukula ndi iwiri (tabu limodzi) kapena zinayi (zinthu ziwiri).
3. Chivundikiro ndi chimango zimasunthidwa padera. M'mitundu yotere, kuchuluka kwa mipando yowonjezera kumadalira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowonjezera. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ndi magawo atatu ndi malo asanu ndi limodzi.

Kutalika kwa ma tabu owonjezera pamitundu yosunthika sikungakhale wocheperako mpando wokhazikika - masentimita 50-60. Kwa matebulo omwe sanatengeke, kulemera kwa magawo owonjezera a tebuloyo kuyenera kuganiziridwa kuti mawonekedwe onse asataye bata.

Ma tebulo owonjezera komanso odalira amasunga malo mukakhitchini kakang'ono, koma zomangira m'mabokosi sizodalirika kwambiri, siziyenera kudzazidwa kwambiri. Ma tebulo azitsanzo ndi mwendo umodzi kapena iwiri amatha kupirira katundu wolemera. Chosavuta chachikulu pazosankha zobwezedwa ndikulumikiza ndikuti sangasunthidwe kupita kwina. Zowona, mitundu yosunthika yaposachedwa ya khitchini yawoneka, koma imangoyendetsedwa kukhoma pafupi ndi njanji. Kuti mulandire alendo ochulukirapo, zomwe zidatchulidwa sizoyenera kukhala zoyenera.

Magome osagundika achikale, monga lamulo, amapangidwa ndi matabwa achilengedwe kapena zida zamatabwa. Makulidwe nthawi zambiri samapitilira 100-120 masentimita, ngati mankhwala sanapangidwe kuti agulitse. Ma countertops aatali komanso opapatiza, opangidwa ngati cholembera bar, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa osatambasuka, koma pali mitundu ina yomwe imatha kubweza kapena kuyimitsa.

Tebulo loyimitsidwa kapena lotsetsereka, ngakhale litakwanira kukula kwake, silikhala ndi anthu opitilira 5-7. Kwa banja lalikulu, iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri.

Zida zopangira

Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu patebulopo kumadalira kapangidwe kakhitchini komanso kuthekera kwachuma. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti mitundu yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana imatha kuperekedwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana amitengo. Mtengo wawo umakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi zomwe amapangidwa.

Particleboard ndizofala kwambiri. Ubwino: mtengo wotsika mtengo, mphamvu, kukana madzi, kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe ake, imagwira zomangira bwino. Zoyipa: ndizosatheka kugwira ntchito yosakhwima, komanso, utsi wa formaldehyde, womwe wapachikidwa ndi chipboard, ndiwowopsa ku thanzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya slabs: E1 ndi E2. Yoyamba ndi yosasamalira zachilengedwe, yachiwiri imaletsedwa kwa mipando ya ana.

Pali laminated chipboard (pepala-resin yosakanikirana imapanikizika kutentha kwambiri) ndi laminated (moyang'anizana ndi pepala kapena kanema wapulasitiki). Iwo samasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtengo, koma woyamba amakhala wautali kwambiri.

MDF (kachigawo kamene kamamwazika bwino) kamapangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wamatabwa (utuchi wochepa kwambiri) wothinikizidwa chifukwa chothamanga. Amalumikizidwa ndi parafini wosunga zachilengedwe ndi lignin. Ubwino wazakuthupi: pafupifupi wopanda vuto lililonse, woyenera kukonzedwa bwino, wolimba, uli ndi zikhalidwe zonse zamatabwa achilengedwe, koma zotsika mtengo kwambiri. Pali zovuta imodzi yokha - mtengo wake ndiwokwera kuposa chipboard.

Ma tebulo apulasitiki opepuka, owoneka bwino amapezeka mumitundu yambiri komanso masitaelo. Saopa madzi ndi zotsekemera zankhanza, koma salola kutentha kwambiri - muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito coasters pazotentha. Chosavuta china ndikuti pamwamba pake pamakanda mosavuta. Kwa khitchini yamakono yokongola, ndibwino kuti musankhe tebulo pazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri.

Mitengo yolimba ndi chinthu china chofala. Mitundu yofewa (paini, birch, alder), sing'anga (chitumbuwa, beech, thundu) ndi zolimba (mapulo, merabu, mitundu ina yachilendo) imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zakale ndizosavuta kugwira nawo ntchito, koma ndizosavuta kuziwononga. Miyala yolimba ndiyolimba koma ndiyokwera mtengo. Olimba matabwa matebulo, monga ulamuliro, ndi olemera kwambiri, salola mkulu chinyezi, mitundu ina kutha padzuwa.

Ngakhale kufooka kwake kumawoneka, matebulo agalasi opangidwa ndi zinthu zamakono ndi olimba kwambiri. Sizingathe kusweka, kukanda, saopa chinyezi, samatulutsa nthunzi zowopsa, sizimayambitsa chifuwa. Gome lotere ndilothandiza (mutha kutsuka kuipitsa kulikonse), mwakuwonjezera malo ndi mpweya kukhitchini. Pali chimodzi chokha chocheperako - zotsalira zazing'ono zazing'ono zamadzi zimatsalira pachikuto chowonekera. Koma pali njira yotulukira - tebulo lokhala ndi matte pamwamba.

Tebulo lagalasi kukhitchini liyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zotenthetsa makulidwe osachepera 10 mm.

Ma countertops okha ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi miyala (marble, granite). Amawoneka okongola, owoneka bwino, koma olemera kwambiri komanso osathandiza kwenikweni: zakuthupi zimakumana ndi asidi (timadziti, viniga, vinyo), tchipisi tomwe timapanga kumapeto kwake, pamwamba pake pamakhala zokanda. Cholimba kwambiri ndi mtundu wamakono wa kanyumba ka quartz, kamene kali ndi utomoni wa polima.

Chitsulo sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri patebulo lakunyumba. Zinthu zozizilitsa bwino ndizoyenera pamafashoni am mafakitale okha. Zosankha izi, monga lamulo, zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo sizimalola mitundu ina ya mankhwala am'nyumba molakwika, imangodzazidwa ndi zokopa ndi mano. Ndikofunika kusankha matebulo ophatikizidwa ndi chitsulo ndi matabwa, pulasitiki kapena magalasi pamwamba.

Posachedwa, pakhala matebulo okongoletsedwa ndi matailosi kapena zojambulajambula. Zitsanzo zimangokongoletsa pakatikati pa tebulo, likupezeka m'mphepete kapena kuphimba chivundikiro chonse cha mipando. Pali mitundu yotsetsereka komanso yosatsetsereka. Zodzikongoletsera za matailosi zimawoneka zokongola kwambiri, kutengera mtunduwo, zimatha kukwana pafupifupi masitayelo onse omwe alipo.

Ma tebulo amadziwika ndi mitundu yopangidwa ndi chipboard, MDF kapena matabwa achilengedwe. Magalasi, zitsulo, miyala yamtengo wapatali samafunika kwenikweni, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimadutsa mapangidwe kuchokera kuzinthu zina potengera kukhazikika ndi kuchitapo kanthu.

Gulu ndi mawonekedwe

Gome lodyera lachikhalidwe limakhala lodziwika bwino m'makhitchini onse. Ndizosavuta, zothandiza, koma opanga amakono amapereka njira zina. Lamulo lokhalo lomwe limasungidwa mosamalitsa ndikuti mitundu yonse ili ndi mawonekedwe olondola. Momwe mungasankhire matebulo odyera kutengera kasinthidwe - funso ili amafunsidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Malangizo ochokera kwa opanga:

1. Mawonekedwe amakona anayi sadzatha konse. Imeneyi ndi njira yosankhira pang'ono, koma akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti patebulo lamtunduwu ndiloyenera kukhala pamipando yambiri ya alendo kapena abale. Gome lamakona anayi ndilosavuta kulowa mukakhitchini yayikulu iliyonse, itha kuyikidwa pafupi ndi khoma kapena pakati pa chipinda.
2. Gome lozungulira limayang'ana bwino pakati pa chipinda, koma izi zimafuna khitchini yayikulu. Sikoyenera kuyiyika pafupi ndi khoma - itaya mawonekedwe ake, ndipo izi sizabwino kwenikweni. Popeza kuti tebulo lozungulira lili pakatikati, chidwi chambiri chimayikidwa pamapangidwe ake.
3. Mawonekedwe a tebulo amafunikiranso chipinda chachikulu. Ndibwino kuti muyike pakati pa chipindacho, chifukwa chake, zofunikira pakupanga ndi kapangidwe ka mtundu wotere nthawi zambiri zimakwezedwa pang'ono.
4. Gome lalikulu limakhala losavuta kulowa mkatimo kuposa loyandikira kapena lowulungika. Sichiyenera kuikidwa pakatikati pa khitchini. Mtundu wachikalatayi umawoneka wogwirizana pafupi ndi khoma, koma mchipinda chaching'ono sichingakhale chabwino. Kukhala patebulo lotere kumafunikira chisamaliro, popeza palibe mbali zazifupi "za ambuye", monga momwe amachitira pamakona anayi.
5. Nthawi zina opanga amapereka zopangika zazinthu zitatu, zophatikizika, zopanda mawonekedwe. Ndiwotsogola koma woyenera nyumba zazing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito patebulo la khofi. Kwa banja lalikulu kapena eni alendo, zosankha izi sizoyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhala zovuta kuzikwaniritsa mkati.

Kuti mumvetsetse tebulo lomwe lili losavuta, mutha kuyesa kuyika mtundu wotsika wa mtundu wosankhidwa womwe udulidwe papepala mu kakhitchini yojambulidwa pamlingo womwewo. Kapenanso ndikofunikira kuyala chithunzi cha mipando yamtsogolo pansi pa chipinda chogwiritsa ntchito chingwe.

Kukula kwazinthu

Musanasankhe tebulo la kukhitchini, muyenera kudziwa kukula kwake ndi malo mkati. Kwa khitchini yaying'ono, ndizothandiza kusankha zosankha zachikhalidwe zamakona anayi kapena zopachika ndikutulutsa. Chipinda chokulirapo chimatha kukhala ndi mitundu yozungulira, yozungulira kapena yaying'ono. Kukula kwamipando yamunthu m'modzi ndi 50-60 cm mulifupi, 30-32 cm kuya. Izi ndizokwanira kuti munthu aliyense akhale ndi mbale ndi zodulira. Momwe mungasankhire tebulo loyenera lodyera kutengera kuchuluka kwa abale kapena alendo - kuwerengera komwe kukuwonetsedwa patebulopo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu	1	2	4	6
Miyeso yocheperako (cm)	60x35	Makilogalamu 70x70 kapena 80x90	70x120 kapena 90x120	80x160

Pali lamulo limodzi lokha - mosasamala kanthu momwe tebulo lilili, lalikulu, lozungulira kapena laling'ono, mtunda wochokera pansi mpaka pa countertop sayenera kupitirira 70-80 masentimita. M'lifupi mwake awiri ndi masentimita 80. Kwa anthu anayi, ngati pali malo kukhitchini, ndi oyenera tebulo lozungulira lokhala ndi masentimita 90, masentimita sikisi - 110-140. Zosankha zazikulu ndizoyenera chipinda chodyera.

Ziri kwa eni ake kusankha gome lomwe angasankhe, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mipando yaying'ono ndiyosokoneza banja lalikulu: kulibe malo oti anthu, mbale, mipando. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kamakhala kosagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira. Zotsatira zake, gawo lake limadzazidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chakudyacho.

Kutalika kwazitali kwambiri kwa tebulo lokwera ndi masentimita 135. Makulidwe akulu azipangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutumikira.

Chiwerengero cha miyendo

Chiwerengero cha miyendo patebulo lodyera chimakhudza chitonthozo cha iwo omwe angakhalepo:

1. Mwendo umodzi wapakati ndiwophweka chifukwa pali malo ambiri omasuka. Thandizo lotere liyenera kukhala lodalirika komanso lolimba. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yozungulira imapangidwa ndi mwendo umodzi.
2. Miyendo iwiri ndiyayikulu, koma ndizovuta. Amakhala m'mbali zazifupi patebulopo kotero kuti ndizovuta, mwinanso zosatheka, kugwiritsa ntchito mipandoyo.
3. Ma tebulo azungulira kapena amakona atatu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi miyendo itatu. Ndimapangidwe okhazikika, koma osayenera mawonekedwe amphako kapena amakona.
4. Tebulo lachikhalidwe lamakona anayi, lalikulu kapena lozungulira nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi miyendo inayi, koma mitundu yayikulu imatha kukhala ndi chothandizira chimodzi kapena ziwiri zowonjezera pakatikati. Iyi ndiye njira yodziwika bwino, yosavuta komanso yodalirika.

Pali mitundu ya matebulo osintha opanda miyendo konse, kapena limodzi kapena awiri, omwe amatuluka ndikamawulula, okhala ndi zinthu zomangika m'mabokosi. Malo ocheperako pansi pa mipando amakhala, ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Koma tisaiwale za kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake konse. Zilibe kanthu kuti ndi miyendo ingati yomwe imathandizira patebulo - chinthu chachikulu ndikuti imayima molimba.

Kapangidwe kamangidwe

Tebulo lamatabwa ndiloyenera kukhitchini rustic (dziko, Provence), limakwanira bwino kwambiri kapena kusanja, ngakhale mumitundu yozizira, yolimba kwambiri, mitundu ya laconic ingakhale yoyenera. Zipangizo zachitsulo ndizovuta kulowa muchipangidwe chilichonse, kupatula za mafakitale. Ma countertops a magalasi ndioyenera masitaelo amakono akumatauni, Art Nouveau, eclecticism. Zovala zapamwamba zokhala ndi zojambulajambula kapena matailosi ndizoyenera mtundu wamitundu, ngakhale mutakhala padenga, mutha kuyika tebulo lokongoletsedwa ndi mtundu woyenera mumakina owongoleredwa. Pakatikati pazakale komanso "nyumba yachifumu", matabwa opukutidwa mwachilengedwe kapena opukutidwa ndi abwino.

Kusankha kwamtundu kumatengera kapangidwe kakhitchini:

• kwa Provence wowala kapena kalembedwe ka Mediterranean, kuwala kwa pastel shades kuli koyenera;
• hi-tech kapena loft amafuna mitundu ya laconic, mitundu yosiyanako;
• kwa zapamwamba zapamwamba, mawonekedwe amtengo wachilengedwe ndiabwino;
• amakono "amakonda" osalowerera ndale, achilengedwe, mithunzi yafumbi;
• Eco imadziwika ndi mitundu yonse yachilengedwe (nthaka, nyanja, mchenga, zobiriwira, makungwa amitengo).

Zotsogola kapena loft nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi pulani yotseguka, pomwe magawano amagawika ndi zokongoletsa zamkati. Pachifukwa ichi, kauntala wa bar ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Zogulitsa zapulasitiki zimapangidwa m'njira iliyonse, mtundu, mawonekedwe. Izi ndizosavuta komanso zosavuta, koma zimapangitsa kuti mkati mwake mukhale "wotsika mtengo". Ndi bwino kusiya pulasitiki pa bwalo mdziko kapena mnyumba yanyumba.

Zowala, ma acidic sapezeka m'malo ambiri. Ndikofunika kusankha tebulo lanzeru, losalowerera ndale, ndikusiya mitundu yodzaza ndi zinthu zokongoletsera.

Malamulo okhala mnyumba

Kwa khitchini yayikulu, tebulo lozungulira kapena lalikulu loyikidwa pakati pa chipinda ndiloyenera. Amakhulupirira kuti njira yoyamba ndiyo "demokalase" kwambiri - ilibe "main", malo opambana. Koma pachitsanzo chotere, malo aulere adzafunika kuti gome lizitha kuyandikira kuchokera mbali zonse. Kumakhitchini ochepera m'mazinyumba ochepera 12 sq. m si chisankho chabwino kwambiri.

Kakhitchini kakang'ono, tebulo limayikidwa kuti lisasokoneze kuyenda, kugwiritsa ntchito chitofu, firiji, makabati. Njira imodzi ndiyo kuyiyika pazenera. Itha kukhala patebulo yanthawi zonse kapena cholembera cha bar pakhoma lonse. Kuphatikiza kwa njirayi nthawi zonse kumawunikira bwino, kuchotsera ndikuti zenera lazenera liyenera kusungidwa bwino. Ngati kugawa ndi zenera kuli kocheperako, mutha kuyatsa tebulo lam'mbali ndi mbali yakumapeto.

Mukakhazikitsa tebulo, ganizirani mawonedwe pazenera. Ngati pali malo omangika osatha, mizere ya otayira zinyalala kapena njira yotanganidwa, ndiye ili si lingaliro labwino kwambiri.

Gome laling'ono limatha kuyikidwa pakona. Poterepa, ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito sofa wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a L m'malo mwa mipando. Kuphatikiza kwa njirayi - kumasunga malo, zovuta - ndizoyenera banja laling'ono la anthu 2-3 okha. Mukaika tebulo lotere pakhomalo, limakwanira kukula kwa khitchini iliyonse. Ubwino: sizimasokoneza kuyenda, zimatha kukhala ndi anthu 6, kutengera kukula kwake.Chosavuta - mbali zitatu zokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Gome litaikidwa pakati pa chipinda, onetsetsani kuti khoma lapafupi ndi 75 cm. Umu ndi momwe malo amafunikira kuti musunthire mpando momasuka, kuimirira kapena kukhala pansi. Ngati pali khomo kumbuyo kwa munthuyo, ndiye kuti mtunda uwu ukuwonjezeka mpaka masentimita 80-110.

Mukayika tebulo, muyenera kulingalira za malo okhala ndi makabati omwe amatha kusokoneza omwe akhala pansi. Mtunda woyenera kuchokera pamwamba pa tebulo mpaka pansi pa mipando yotereyi ndi 65-70 cm.

Malangizo oyambira posankha tebulo la kukhitchini

Kusankha ma tebulo sikuyamba kumsika, koma kukhitchini. Ziyenera kutsimikizika:

• malo okhazikitsira;
• mamangidwe ake;
• kukula kwa malo odyera;
• kuchuluka kwa mipando.

Makulidwe a matebulo oyimitsidwa, osunthika, osunthika akuwerengedwa motere. Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti mudzafunika malo osati pompopompo, komanso mipando kapena mipando kuti abale ndi alendo azikhala bwino kukhitchini. Nkhanizo ndi kukula ndi kapangidwe zikathetsedwa, mutha kupitilira mawonekedwe. Momwe mungasankhire tebulo lakhitchini molingana ndi mkati mwa khitchini - malingaliro:

1. Ndibwino kuti mugule kugula gawo lomaliza la kukonzanso, pomwe kalembedwe ndi mawonekedwe akakhitchini ayamba kale kutuluka, ndipo malowa agulidwa.
2. Mtundu ndi kapangidwe kake zimadalira kapangidwe kakhitchini. Mwachitsanzo, tebulo lamatabwa lakale kwambiri, ndiloyenera dziko kapena ethno, koma lopanda malo amakono kapena achikale.
3. Osangoganizira za utoto wokha, komanso zinthu zomwe mipando yomwe ilipo. Mwachitsanzo, khitchini yopangidwa ndi matabwa kapena yomalizidwa ndi veneer imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi galasi, mwala. Malo ogulitsira zitsulo adzafanana ndi zida zapanyumba zosapanga dzimbiri komanso mipando yamapangidwe okhwima.
4. Mulingo wa matebulo okhitchini umatsogoleredwa ndi mitundu yoyera kapena yoyera yazolondola. Zimakwanira mogwirizana mkati kwambiri.

Gome, choyambirira, liyenera kukhala labwino komanso lodalirika. Zojambula zodabwitsazi zitha kukhala zokopa maso koma zosayenera kwenikweni pamoyo weniweni.

Musanasankhe tebulo kukhitchini, muyenera kufunsa za mtundu wa zinthu zomwe amapangira. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya nkhuni ikhoza kukhala yofewa kwambiri kapena yosakhazikika kuti isanyowe. Amafuna chovala chapamwamba kuti ateteze ku madzi ndi kuwonongeka kwangozi kwamakina. Magalasi sayenera kukhala ndi zokopa, inclusions, bulges, malekezero a tebulo pamwamba opukutidwa bwino. Ndibwino ngati ngodya zamagalasi ozungulira kapena amakona amakona ataphimbidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena matabwa amtengo kuti muteteze kuvulala. Osadalira kukhulupirika kwa opanga. Mukamasankha, muyenera kuchotsa magawo a kapangidwe kake pamatumbawo, kuwunika mosamala kuti pasakhale kuwonongeka, yang'anani kupezeka kwa zomangira, funsani tsatanetsatane wa chiwembu chokhazikitsira (ngati mukuyembekezera kudzipangira nokha).

Opanga apamwamba

Ngati muli ndi funso loti tebulo liti ndibwino kukhitchini, muyenera kudzidziwitsa nokha ndi omwe amapanga. Mipando yaku Italiya ndiyofunikira. Makampani ambiri amapikisana wina ndi mzake, kusunga mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zawo ndizokwera. Mzere wazogulitsa zamtundu waku Italiya uli ndi njira zabwino zonse zogona zogona komanso zotchipa zapakatikati. Ndipo kutha kwa zongopeka kwa opanga mipando kumatha kudabwitsa munthu wosadziwa zambiri.

Germany yakhala yotchuka nthawi zonse chifukwa chazoyenda zake komanso zodalirika. Matebulo opangidwa ndi makampani opanga mipando aku Germany amadziwika ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri ndikukonzanso, kulimba kwa zomangira, zosavuta, komanso mapangidwe olingalira. Mapangidwe ake ali pafupi ndi mitundu yodekha yachikale.

Poland imagwiritsa ntchito bwino zachilendo zonse ku Europe, imalemba zojambula ndi zojambula kuchokera kwa opanga otchuka. Chifukwa cha zinthu zotsika mtengo komanso ntchito, zopangidwa ndi mafakitale amipando zimasungidwa mgulu la mitengo yapakati, koma nthawi yomweyo sizimataya kwambiri. Ndi kulakwitsa kuganiza kuti "Chitchaina" chimatanthauza "zotsika mtengo". Pali magome azomwe amapanga ndi kapangidwe koyambirira, zopangidwa ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Zotsika mtengo kwenikweni zidzangokhala zonamizira zowoneka bwino.

Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, makampani aku Russia adakwanitsa kufinya opanga akumadzulo. Ubwino wopanga mipando yanyumba wagona pakudziwa kwawo zenizeni za moyo. Amayanjanitsa kukula ndi kapangidwe ka matebulo awo ndi kukula ndi masanjidwe azinyumba zanyumba zonse, potero amapeza gawo lalikulu pamsika.