Cologne Cathedral - chojambula bwino kwambiri cha Gothic

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Chosangalatsa komanso chodziwika bwino chomanga mzinda wa Cologne ku Germany ndi Cathedral ya Roma Katolika ya St. Peter ndi Holy Virgin Mary. Ili ndiye dzina lovomerezeka la nyumba yachipembedzoyi, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri ndi Cologne Cathedral.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Chizindikiro chodziwika si cha boma kapena Mpingo. Mwiniwake wa Cologne Cathedral ku Germany ndi ... the Cologne Cathedral itself!

Mbiri ya Kachisi mwachidule

Katolika wamkulu kwambiri ku Cologne ali pamalo pomwe, ngakhale nthawi ya Roma, inali malo achipembedzo a Akhristu omwe amakhala kuno. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mibadwo ingapo yamakachisi idamangidwa pamenepo, ndipo iliyonse yotsatira idaposa yakale kale. Pansi penipeni pa tchalitchi chachikulu chamakono, pomwe zofukula zikuchitika tsopano, mutha kuwona zomwe zapulumuka m'malo akachisi akale akalewa.

Chifukwa chake kachisi watsopano amafunikira

Titha kunena kuti mbiri ya Cologne Cathedral ku Germany idayamba mu 1164. Panthawi imeneyi, Bishopu Wamkulu Reinald von Dassel adabweretsa ku Cologne zotsalira za Amagi Oyera atatu, omwe adabwera kudzapembedza Yesu wakhanda.

Mu Chikhristu, zotsalira izi zimawerengedwa ngati kachisi wamtengo wapatali komwe amwendamnjira ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adapita. Zinthu zofunikira kwambiri zachipembedzo zimafunikira Nyumba yoyenera. Lingaliro loti apange tchalitchi chachikulu ku Germany, kuposa ma cathedral odziwika padziko lonse lapansi ku France, ndi a Bishopu Wamkulu Konrad von Hochstaden.

Tchalitchi chatsopano ku Cologne adamangidwa magawo awiri atali kwambiri.

Momwe zonse zinayambira

Gerhard von Riehle - anali munthu uyu amene adalemba zojambulazo, malinga ndi ntchito yomwe idachitika pomanga nyumba yayikulu. Mwala wophiphiritsira wa Cologne Cathedral unayikidwa ndi Konrad von Hochstaden mu 1248. Choyamba, mbali yakum'mawa kwa kachisiyo idamangidwa: guwa lansembe, lozunguliridwa ndi nyumba yoyimbira (adapatulidwa mu 1322).

M'zaka za zana la 14 ndi 15, ntchito idayenda pang'onopang'ono: ma naves okha kum'mwera kwa nyumbayo adamalizidwa ndipo milingo itatu ya nsanja yakumwera idamangidwa. Mu 1448, mabelu awiri adayikika pa tower tower tower, kulemera kwa iliyonse inali matani 10.5.

Chaka chomwe kumangidwako kudayimitsidwa, magwero osiyanasiyana akuwonetsa zosiyana: 1473, 1520 ndi 1560. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, tchalitchi chachikulu ku Cologne sichidamalize, ndipo kireni yayitali (56 m) idayima pa nsanja yakumwera nthawi zonse.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Hermitage ili ndi chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi wojambula wotchuka waku Dutch a Jan van der Heyden "A Street ku Cologne". Imafotokozera misewu yamatauni chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18, komanso tchalitchi chachikulu chokhala ndi nsanja yosamalizidwa ndi kireni pamwamba pake.

Gawo lachiwiri la ntchito yomanga

M'zaka za zana la 19, King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV adalamula kuti tchalitchichi chikwaniritsidwe, kuwonjezera pa kwayala yomwe idakhazikitsidwa idafunikira kukonzanso kale. M'zaka zimenezo, zomangamanga za Gothic zinali pachimake chotsatira cha kutchuka, kotero adaganiza zomaliza kachisiyo, kutsatira njira yomwe idasankhidwa kale ya Gothic. Izi zidathandizidwa ndikuti mu 1814, mozizwitsa, zojambula zomwe zidatayika kwanthawi yayitali, zopangidwa ndi Gerhard von Riehle, zidapezeka.

Karl Friedrich Schinkel ndi Ernst Friedrich Zwirner adakonzanso ntchito yakale ndipo mu 1842 gawo lachiwiri la ntchito yomanga lidayamba. Anayambitsidwa ndi Friedrich Wilhelm IV mwiniwake, atayika "mwala woyamba" wina pamaziko.

Mu 1880, imodzi mwa ntchito zazitali kwambiri zomanga m'mbiri ya Europe idamalizidwa ndipo idakondwerera ku Germany ngati chochitika chadziko lonse. Tikaganizira kutalika kwa Cologne Cathedral inamangidwa, ndiye kuti zaka 632. Koma ngakhale pambuyo pa chikondwerero chovomerezeka, kachisi wachipembedzo sanasiye kukonza ndi kumaliza: kusintha galasi, kupita kukongoletsa mkati, kuyala pansi. Ndipo mu 1906, imodzi mwa nsanja zomwe zinali chapakati pake inagwa, ndipo khoma lowonongekayo linayenera kukonzedwa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Mu 1880, Cologne Cathedral (kutalika 157 m) inali nyumba yayitali kwambiri osati ku Germany kokha komanso padziko lapansi. Anakhalabe wosunga mbiri mpaka 1884, pomwe Washington Monument (169 m) idawonekera ku America. Mu 1887, Eiffel Tower (300 m) idamangidwa ku France, ndipo mu 1981 nyumba yapa TV (266 m) idawonekera ku Cologne, ndipo tchalitchichi chidakhala nyumba yachinayi padziko lapansi.

Zaka za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse komanso nthawi yotsatira nkhondo

Pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, Cologne, mofanana ndi mizinda yambiri ku Germany, idawonongedwa kwambiri ndikuphulitsidwa ndi bomba. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Cologne Cathedral idapulumuka modabwitsa ndikudzuka pakati pa mabwinja osalekeza, ngati kuti idachokera kudziko lina.

Monga anenera asitikali ankhondo, nsanja zazitali zazinyumbazo ndizizindikiro za oyendetsa ndegewo, chifukwa chake sanaphulitse bomba. Komabe, mabomba amlengalenga adagunda tchalitchili maulendo 14, ngakhale silinawonongeke kwambiri. Komabe, ntchito yatsopano yobwezeretsa inkafunika.

Mpaka 1948, kwayala ku Cologne Cathedral idabwezeretsedwa, pambuyo pake mautumiki adayamba kuchitika kumeneko. Kubwezeretsa zina zonse zamkati zidapitilira mpaka 1956. Nthawi yomweyo, panali masitepe ozungulira omwe adatsogolera kutsambali pa imodzi mwa nsanjazo, kutalika kwa 98 m.

Nthawi mpaka lero

Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe komanso nyengo yoipa, kuwonongeka kwakukulu ku tchalitchi chachikulu ku Cologne kumachitika nthawi zonse, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kuwonongedwa kwake. Ofesi yobwezeretsa kwakanthawi akadali pafupi ndi nyumbayo, yomwe imagwira ntchito yokonzanso. Mwambiri, kumanga kwa tchalitchi chachikulu ku Cologne (Germany) sikuyenera kuti kumalizidwa konse.

Ndizosangalatsa! Pali nthano yakale kwambiri yomwe imati mamangidwe a Cologne Cathedral adapangidwa ndi Satana yemwe. Posinthanitsa ndi izi, Gerhard von Riehle adayenera kupereka moyo wake, koma adakwanitsa kunyenga Satana. Kenako Satana wokwiya adati pomanga tchalitchi chachikulu, mzinda wa Cologne sudzakhalakonso. Mwina ndichifukwa chake palibe amene akufulumira kuimitsa ntchito yomanga?

Kuyambira 1996, Cologne Cathedral yakhala ili m'ndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage.

Tsopano kachisiyu ndi amodzi mwamapangidwe odziwika bwino ku Germany. Kuphatikiza apo, monga momwe Mpingo unkakonzera zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, uli ndi zotsalira zofunika kwambiri kwa Akhristu.

Makhalidwe apangidwe

Cathedral of Saints Peter ndi Mary ku Cologne ndi chitsanzo chowonekera cha kalembedwe ka Gothic ku Germany. Makamaka, uwu ndi kalembedwe ka North French Gothic, ndipo Amiens Cathedral adakhala ngati chithunzi. Cologne Cathedral imadziwika ndi zokongoletsa zambiri, zokongola zazingwe zazingwe zamwala.

Nyumba yayikuluyi ili ndi mtanda wa Chilatini, womwe ndi wautali wa 144.5 m ndi mulifupi wa 86. Pamodzi ndi nsanja ziwiri zazikulu, zimatenga malo okwana 7,000 m², ndipo uwu ndi mbiri yadziko lonse yanyumba yachipembedzo. Kutalika kwa nsanja yakumwera ndi 157.3 m, kumpoto ndikotsika kwa mamitala angapo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Ngakhale mzinda wonse wa Cologne utakhala bata, mphepo imawomba pafupi ndi tchalitchichi. Mafunde ampweya, akukumana ndi chopinga chosayembekezereka ngati nsanja zazitali paphiri la Rhine, zimathamangira pansi.

Kumverera kwa kukula kwa danga mkati mwa nyumbayi kumapangidwanso chifukwa chakusiyana kwakutali: kanyumba kakang'ono kakapangidwe kamene kali kawiri kuposa ma naves ammbali. Malo okwera pamwamba amathandizidwa ndi mizati yaying'ono yomwe imakwera mita 44. Makomawo adapangidwa osongoka, omwe amatanthauza chizindikiro cha kukhumba kwamuyaya kwa anthu kupita kwa Mulungu.

Ma chapemphelo ambiri ali m'mphepete mwa holo yayikuluyo ya kachisi. Mmodzi wa iwo adakhala manda a omwe adayambitsa tchalitchi chachikulu kwambiri ku Germany - Bishopu Konrad von Hochstaden.

Cologne Cathedral nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "galasi" chifukwa choti mawonekedwe azenera lake (10,000 m²) ndi wokulirapo kuposa nyumbayo. Ndipo awa sindiwo mazenera okha - awa ndi mawindo opangidwa ndi magalasi apadera omwe adapangidwa munthawi zosiyanasiyana ndikusiyanasiyana. Mawindo akale okhala ndi magalasi akale a 1304-1321 ndi "windows windows" pamutu wofananira, mu 1848 5 "windows windows" kukula kwa zidutswa zamagalasi achikuda.

Yerekezerani mitengo ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito Fomu iyi

Chuma cha Cologne Cathedral

M'kachisi wa Cologne pali ntchito zambiri zofunikira zamakedzana, mwachitsanzo, zojambula pamakoma, mabenchi ojambula a Gothic mu kwayala. Malo otchuka amakhala ndi guwa lansembe lalikulu, lalitali 4.6 m, wopangidwa ndi slab yolimba yakuda. Pamaso pake kutsogolo ndi m'mbali, timapanga timabulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwa ndi miyala yamiyala yoyera, yokongoletsedwa ndi chosemedwa pamutu wa Namwaliyo.

Komabe, chokopa chofunikira kwambiri ku Cologne Cathedral ndi kachisi wokhala ndi zotsalira za Amagi Oyera atatu, omwe adayikidwa pafupi ndi guwa lansembe. Mmisiri waluso Nikolaus Verdunsky adapanga chikwama chamatabwa cholemera 2.2x1.1x1.53 m, ndikuphimba mbali zonse ndi mbale zagolide. Mbali zonse za sarcophagus zimakhala ndi mutu wa moyo wa Yesu Khristu. Mbuyeyo adagwiritsa ntchito ngale, miyala ndi miyala 1000 kukongoletsa nsomba zazinkhanira, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri panthawiyo. Mbali yakutsogolo kwa kachisiyu imachotsedwa, imachotsedwa chaka chilichonse pa 6 Januware, kuti okhulupirira onse azigwadira zotsalira za Amagi Woyerawo - awa ndi zigaza zitatu zovekedwa nduwira zagolide.

Chinthu china chamtengo wapatali ndi chosema chamatabwa cha Milan Madonna. Chithunzichi chosowa kwambiri cha Namwali Maria wosamwetulira, osati wachisoni, chidapangidwa mu 1290 ndipo chimadziwika kuti ndi chojambula chokongola kwambiri cha nthawi yokhwima ya Gothic.

Chojambula chotsatira chotsatira ndi mtanda wa Gero, wopangidwa mu 965-976 wa Archbishop Gero. Chodziwika bwino cha mtanda wamitengo iwiri wamtanda wokhala ndi mtanda ndiwowona bwino chithunzicho. Yesu Khristu amawonetsedwa pa nthawi yakufa. Mutu wake umapendekera kutsogolo ndi maso otsekeka, mafupa, minofu ndi minyewa zimawoneka bwino pathupi.

Chuma

Zojambula zofunikira kwambiri, zomwe sizingaperekedwe ndalama, zimayikidwa mosungira chuma. Chuma chomwe chidatsegulidwa mu 2000 mchipinda chapansi cha Cologne Cathedral ndipo pano chimadziwika kuti ndi chachikulu kwambiri osati ku Germany kokha komanso ku Europe.

Chuma chake chimakhala mchipinda chachikulu kwambiri, chopangidwa ndi ma floor angapo. Pansi paliponse pali chiwonetsero chosiyana ndi ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayikidwa m'mashelufu owunikira.

Zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'chipinda choyamba ndi baton ndi lupanga la mabishopu akulu aku Cologne, mtanda wama Gothic pamiyambo, chimango choyambirira cha zotsalira za Amagi Woyera, ndi zolemba pamanja zambiri. Pansi pamunsi pali lapidarium ndi mndandanda wolemera wa mikanjo yamatchalitchi. Malo otseguka pansi pa mabwalowa ali ndi mashelufu okhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'manda aku Franconia panthawi yokumba pansi pa maziko a nyumbayo. M'chipinda chomwecho muli ziboliboli zoyambirira zomwe zidayima pakhomo la St. Peter munthawi ya Middle Ages.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Chaka chilichonse 10,000,000 € imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamalira Katolika ya Cologne.

Pezani Mitengo kapena sungani malo alionse ogwiritsira ntchito fomu iyi

Zambiri zothandiza

Adilesi yomwe kuli Cologne Cathedral: Germany, Cologne, Domkloster 4, 50667.

Ili pafupi kwambiri ndi sitima yapamtunda ya Dom / Hauptbahnhof, pomwepo kutsogolo kwake.

Maola ogwira ntchito

Cologne Cathedral imatsegulidwa tsiku lililonse nthawi ngati izi:

mu Meyi - Okutobala kuyambira 6:00 mpaka 21:00;
mu Novembala - Epulo kuyambira 6:00 mpaka 19:30.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Lamlungu ndi tchuthi, alendo amabwera kukachisi kuchokera pa 13: 00 mpaka 16: 30. Kuphatikiza apo, mkati mwa zochitika zachipembedzo zofunika, khomo la alendo litha kutsekedwa kwakanthawi. Zomwe zitha kupezeka zitha kupezeka patsamba lovomerezeka la https://www.koelner-dom.de/home/.

Chuma cha tchalitchi chachikulu chimalandira alendo tsiku lililonse kuyambira 10:00 mpaka 18:00.

Ulendo wopita ku nsanja yakumwera yokhala ndi malo owonera ndizotheka nthawi zotsatirazi:

Januware, February, Novembala ndi Disembala - kuyambira 9:00 mpaka 16:00;
Marichi, Epulo ndi Okutobala - kuyambira 9:00 mpaka 17:00;
kuyambira Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembara - kuyambira 9:00 mpaka 18:00.

Mtengo woyendera

Khomo lolowera ku tchalitchi chachikulu kwambiri ku Germany ndi laulere. Koma kuti mupite kukasungira chuma ndikukwera nsanjayo, muyenera kulipira.

nsanja	chuma	nsanja + ya chuma
akuluakulu	5 €	6 €	8 €
kwa ana asukulu, ophunzira komanso olumala	2 €	4 €	4 €
za mabanja (akulu akulu akulu awiri okhala ndi ana)	8 €	12 €	16 €

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mutha kupita ku tchalitchi chachikulu kuti mukadzifufuze nokha. Koma ngati mukufuna, mutha kutenga limodzi mwamaulendo ambiri omwe amachitika kuyambira Lolemba mpaka Loweruka mu Chingerezi. Zambiri pazokhudza njira zomwe akufuna kuchita ndi mtengo wake uli patsamba lovomerezeka.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Chaka chilichonse tchalitchi chodziwika bwino ku Germany chimachezeredwa ndi alendo pafupifupi 3,000,000 - munyengo yayitali pafupifupi anthu 40,000 patsiku!

Mitengo patsamba ili ndi ya Julayi 2019.

Pomaliza - malangizo othandiza

Kunja, kumanja kwa khomo lolowera ku Cathedral ya Cologne, ndi khomo lolowera kum'mwera komwe kuli malo owonera. Ikuwerengedwa kuti ndiyofunika kuwona, koma musanadzuke, muyenera kuwerengera bwino mphamvu zanu. Muyenera kukwera kenako ndikutsika pamakwerero oyenda kwambiri komanso opapatiza - m'lifupi mwake ndikuti kutsika komwe kubwera kwa alendo sikungathe kubalalika. Choyamba, padzakhala nsanja yokhala ndi belu, pomwe mutha kupita mozungulira nsanjayo, kenako ndikukweranso - masitepe 509 okha okwera kupitilira 155 m. Ngakhale, alendo ambiri amati izi ndi zoona pokhapokha nyengo yotentha, ndipo nthawi yonseyi Cologne amawoneka mwala kwambiri komanso wosasunthika kuchokera kutalika. Koma ngati mungakwere m'nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti kumayambiriro kwa kukwera muyenera kuvula zovala zanu zakunja kuti muzivala pamwambapa - monga lamulo, pali mphepo yamphamvu kwambiri pamenepo.
Nsanja za tchalitchi chachikulu cha Cologne zitha kuwoneka ponseponse mzindawu, koma malingaliro odabwitsa kwambiri akuchokera tsidya lina la Rhine. Mukafika mumzinda ndi sitima, mutha kutsika osati pamalo okwerera masitima pafupi ndi tchalitchi chachikulu, koma pokwerera kutsidya lina la mtsinjewo ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono kupita ku nyumbayo kuwoloka mlatho.
Ngati muli ndi nthawi, muyenera kukaona kachisi wodziwika bwino waku Germany masana ndi madzulo. Masana, mawindo ake okhala ndi magalasi akuda amadabwitsa kukongola kwake, makamaka kuwala kwa dzuŵa kukawagwera. Madzulo, chifukwa cha kunyezimira kobiriwira kowala pamwala wakuda, tchalitchichi chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri!

Aliyense amaloledwa kulowa mkachisi, ndipo amaloledwa kutenga zithunzi. Koma kulowa kumatheka pokhapokha popanda zikwama zazikulu komanso zovala zoyenera! Cologne Cathedral si nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, ntchito zimachitikira kumeneko, ndipo muyenera kuzilemekeza.
Kujambula sikuletsedwa konse mosungira chuma cha tchalitchi. Pali makamera oyikidwapo mozungulira, ndiye kuti simungatenge chithunzi mochenjera. Ophwanya amafunsidwa kuti apereke kamera ndipo khadiyo ilandidwa.
Makonsati aulere a ziwonetsero amachitikira pakachisi Lachiwiri kuyambira 20:00 mpaka 21:00. Popeza kutchuka kwawo kwakukulu, muyenera kufika msanga kuti mukhale ndi mpando wabwino.