Reichstag ku Berlin - zoopsa za fascism ndi chizindikiro cha Germany yolumikizana
Reichstag ku Berlin ... Anthu padziko lonse lapansi amadziwa zakupezeka kwa nyumbayi, koma sikuti aliyense amadziwa mbiri yake. Kodi Reichstag yaku Germany ndi chiyani, idamangidwa bwanji, ikuwoneka bwanji tsopano, zikutanthauzanji ku Germany?
Mawu oti "Reichstag" m'Chijeremani amatanthauza "msonkhano wapaboma", ndipo inali nyumba yamalamulo ya boma la Germany yotchedwa "Reichstag" yomwe imagwira ntchito mnyumbayi kuyambira 1894 mpaka 1933. Tsopano bungwe loterolo kulibenso, kuyambira 1999 boma latsopano la Federal Republic of Germany - Bundestag - lakhala likugwira ntchito mu Reichstag.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Dzinalo la nyumbayo nthawi zonse limalembedwa ndi capital, capital capital, pomwe dzina la nyumba yamalamulo yomwe imagwiramo limalembedwa ndi yaying'ono.
Tsopano Reichstag ku likulu la Germany ku Berlin ndi amodzi mwa malo ofunikira kwambiri mumzinda. Nyumbayi imakopa anthu ambiri ndi mbiri yakale yakale, yolumikizana mosagwirizana ndi mbiri yaku Germany komanso zomwe zidachitika pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
Reichstag mbiri
Mu 1871, mayiko angapo odziyimira pawokha omwe amakhala ku Germany, adagwirizana ndikupanga boma la Germany. Pamwambowu, adaganiza zomanga nyumba zokongola momwe nyumba yamalamulo yatsopano ingakhalire. Malo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi nyumbayi ku Berlin anali Kaiser Square m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Koma bwaloli linali lachinsinsi kwa kazembeyo Radzinsky, ndipo sanapereke chilolezo chomanga. Patangotha zaka 3 kuchokera pamene kazembeyo adamwalira, adakwanitsa kupeza chilolezo kwa mwana wake.
Yambani
Ntchito yomanga nyumba ya Reichstag ku Berlin idayamba mu June 1884, ndipo "mwala woyamba" wophiphiritsa udayikidwa ndi Kaiser Wilhelm I. Ntchito yomanga idatenga zaka 10 ndipo idamalizidwa mu ulamuliro wa Kaiser Wilhelm II.
M'nyumbayi, yomangidwa molingana ndi projekiti ya Paul Wallot, zonse zomwe zakwaniritsidwa munthawiyo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito: Kutenthetsa kwapakati ndi masensa otentha, mafani amagetsi, mapaipi, magetsi ake, matelefoni.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Zizindikiro za 24,000,000 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga.
Mu 1916, pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi, pakhoma lakunja kwa nyumbayo padalembedwa mawu ena, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro chachigwirizano cha Germany. "Kwa anthu aku Germany" - ndizomwe zalembedwa pa Reichstag ku Berlin.
Pambuyo pazaka ziwiri, kulengedwa kwa Weimar Republic kudalengezedwa, boma lomwe lidakhazikika ku Reichstag.
Moto wa 1933
M'masiku omaliza a February 1933, moto udabuka Reichstag. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi ndani amene adayatsa nyumbayo, koma a National Socialists adadzudzula achikomyunizimu - umu ndi momwe Hitler ndi anzawo adachitira ndi omwe amawatsutsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Moto, kuchotsedwa kwa achikominisi komanso kuwuka kwa Hitler zidachitika posachedwa zisankho zanyumba yamalamulo - zidakonzedwa pa Marichi 5.
Dome lidakonzedwa pang'ono, ndipo holo yonsene ndi malo oyandikana nawo, omwe adavutika kwambiri, adaganiza kuti asakhudzidwe. Gawo lalikulu la nyumbayo silinakhudzidwe ndi moto, ndipo kuyambira 1935 Reichstag oyang'anira akhala akugwira ntchito kumeneko, ndipo ziwonetsero zingapo zabodza zapangidwa.
Nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse
Kuyambira 1939, malo a Reichstag adagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana: panali malo okhala bomba (chifukwa cha ichi, mawindo onse anali ndi mipanda), chipatala chinagwira ntchito, panali chipatala cha amayi oyembekezera chapansi, AEG inali kupanga nyali zamagetsi, ndipo nsanja zazing'ono zidasinthidwa kukhala zotsutsana ndi ndege.
Boma la Soviet linalengeza Reichstag chizindikiro chachikulu cha Nazi Germany, ndipo kumapeto kwa nkhondo, kunachitika nkhondo zoopsa kwambiri mozungulira. Asitikali aku Soviet Union adawonetsa kuwonongedwa kwa Reichstag ndikupambana kwa fascism. Mbendera yoyamba yofiira inakwezedwa pamwamba pa nyumbayi madzulo a Epulo 30, 1945, ndipo zikwangwani zina ziwiri zidakwezedwa usiku. Chikwangwani chachinayi, chomwe chidawoneka m'mawa wa Meyi 1, chimadziwika kuti Victory Banner.
Monga umboni wopambana kwawo, asitikali a Soviet Army adalemba zolemba zambiri pamakoma a Reichstag. Awa anali mayina ndi magulu ankhondo, mayina amatawuni awo, komanso zolembedwa zamanyazi kwambiri.
Anagawanika pambuyo pa nkhondo Germany
Nkhondo itatha, Reichstag yomwe idasokonekera idathera ku West Berlin, ndipo mpaka 1954 idakhalabe ikuiwalika. Iwo adasamalira izi kokha chifukwa panali chiwopsezo cha kugwa kwa zotsalira za dome. Pofuna kupewa ngozi, dome la Reichstag ku Berlin lidangowombedwa.
Nthawi yomweyo adaganiza zokonzanso, koma sizinatheke kuvomerezana kuti agwiritse ntchito nyumbayo. Zotsatira zake, ntchito yobwezeretsa idayamba pafupifupi zaka 20 pambuyo pake. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zambiri zokongoletsera zidachotsedwa pamakoma, holo yonse idakonzedweratu, ndipo pamapeto pake adaganiza kuti asabwezeretsenso.
Mu 1971, mgwirizano wazipani zinayi wonena za West Berlin udakhazikitsidwa ndi mayiko omwe apambana. Malinga ndi izi, Bundestag idaletsedwa kugwira ntchito mu Reichstag. Misonkhano yamagulu ndi zochitika zokhala ndi nthumwi zochokera ku Bonn zinkakonzedwa kumeneko nthawi ndi nthawi.
Kuyanjananso kwa Germany
M'chilimwe cha 1991, miyezi 7 kugwirizananso kwa Germany, a Bundestag adalowa nyumbayo Reichstag kuti igwire ntchito. Zinatengera kumanganso kwina kwa nyumbayi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Mpikisano udalengezedwa ku Berlin kuti asankhe womanga nyumba kuti atsogolere kukonzanso. Mapulogalamu 80 adalandiridwa. Wopambana anali Mngelezi Norman Foster - mbuye mwa kubadwa, wophunzitsidwa ntchito ya zomangamanga.
Malinga ndi ntchito yoyamba yokonzanso, denga la Reichstag limayenera kukhala lathyathyathya, lopanda dome. Koma pakadali pano, nyumbayi sikanawoneka bwino, chifukwa chake ku khonsolo ya Bundestag adaganiza kuti pakhale dome lalikulu.
Norman Foster adatha kupanga projekiti yomwe idaloleza kuphatikiza mu Reichstag zofunikira zake zakale komanso kutseguka kwamalowo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Ntchito zomangidwazo zidawononga mamiliyoni 600 miliyoni.
Reichstag idakhazikitsidwa mu 1999.
Yerekezerani mitengo ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito Fomu iyi
Momwe Bundestag imawonekera lero
Ngati mungayang'ane chithunzi cha Reichstag ku Berlin lero, zitha kudziwika kuti kunja kwa facade kumapangidwira kalembedwe ka Roma wakale: pakhomo pali zipilala zamphamvu zokhala ndi khonde, bas-reliefs. Nyumbazi zimakhala ndi zifanizo 16 zofanizira zosonyeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zaku Germany.
Tsopano Reichstag nyumba ku Berlin imagawidwa m'magulu:
- chapansi pansi - luso, pomwe pali zida zamagetsi;
- mulingo woyamba umakhala ndi alembi anyumba yamalamulo;
- chipinda chachikulu chochezeranapo pa chipinda chachiwiri;
- chipinda chachitatu ndi cha alendo;
- pabwalo lachinayi - oyang'anira;
- chipinda chachisanu - gawo;
- bwalo la padenga ndi mzikiti waukulu wowonekera.
Kuti mumve bwino, lingaliro la wojambula Per Arnoldi lidakwaniritsidwa: chipinda chilichonse chimakhala ndi zitseko zopentedwa ndi utoto wamtundu wina.
Ngakhale pachithunzichi mutha kuwona kuti Reichstag nyumba ku Berlin tsopano ikuwoneka mopepuka modabwitsa, ndipo izi pamlingo wake wonse! Mphamvu yopepuka imapangidwa chifukwa cha zida zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga: konkriti wokongoletsa, miyala yoyera yoyera ndi beige yokhala ndi utoto wa silvery, nyumba zowoneka zopanda polemera, madera ambiri onyezimira.
Dome
Monga tanena kale, kukongoletsa kwakukulu kwa Reichstag kunali dome lalikulu, 23.5 mita kutalika ndi 40 mita m'mimba mwake. Amapangidwa ndi chitsulo, magalasi olimba kwambiri, ndi magalasi apadera omwe amalola kuwala kudutsa. Kuonekera kwa magalasi kumasintha kutengera kuwala kozungulira ndipo amasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yamakompyuta. Gawo lapakati la dome limakhala ndi ndodo yamagalasi - izi sizongokhala zokongoletsera zamtsogolo, koma gawo lofunikira pakupulumutsa mphamvu mnyumbayi.
Kuzungulira mzikiti pali bwalo lalikulu, lomwe lingapezeke ndi aliyense amene akufuna kuwona mawonekedwe ozungulira pafupi. M'malo mwake, bwaloli ndi malo owonera momwe mungawonere chipinda chamsonkhano komanso malo owoneka bwino ku Berlin. Nyengo yabwino, zithunzi zokongola zimapezeka kuchokera kumtunda wa Reichstag ku Berlin.
Pali njira ziwiri zoyenda mozungulira ndi zikepe ziwiri zazikulu zopita ku dome ndi bwalo.
Upangiri! Pafupi ndi dome pali malo odyera a Kafer, omwe amalandira alendo kuyambira 9:00 mpaka 16:30 komanso kuyambira 18:00 mpaka 00:00. Ndi bwino kusungitsa tebulo pasadakhale!
Khoma la kukumbukira
Mu Reichstag pali "Makoma a Kukumbukira" angapo - omwe amatchedwa zidutswa za malo omwe zolemba za asitikali aku Soviet Union zasungidwa kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Bundestag idakambirana za kuthekera kochotsa zolembedwazo panthawi yomanganso, koma ambiri adavota.
Komabe, "kubwezeretsanso kwa graffiti waku Soviet" kudachitikadi: zolemba zomwe zinali ndi zonyansa komanso zosankhana mitundu zidachotsedwa, ndikusiya 159 graffiti. Pa "Walls of Memory" zotsalira za kuwotcha, "autographs" ya zipolopolo, zolembedwa ndi asirikali a mayina awo ndi magulu ankhondo asungidwa.
Pofuna kuteteza zolembedwazo ku nyengo yoipa komanso owononga malo, makomawo adakutidwa ndi yankho lapadera lagalasi.
Zithunzi za zojambula pamakoma a Reichstag ku Berlin zikupezeka pa intaneti komanso muma media ambiri osindikiza. Alendo omwe akuyendera Reichstag amatha kuwayang'ana "amoyo". Koma kumbukirani kuti pafupifupi zojambula zonse zili mkati mwa nyumbayi, komwe mungangopita ndi wowongolera.
Momwe mungafikire ku Reichstag
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Bundestag yaku Germany ndiye nyumba yamalamulo yochezeredwa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2016, idachezeredwa ndi alendo 35.3 miliyoni.
Reichstag imayimilira pakatikati pa Berlin, adilesi yake ndi: Platz der Republik 1, 10557 Berlin, Germany.
Kodi alendo angakafike bwanji ku Reichstag ku Berlin? " - funso ili limasangalatsa ambiri. Mapulogalamu otsatirawa tsopano akupezeka kwa alendo:
- nkhani (Mphindi 45) munyumbayi moyang'ana chipinda chonse, kenako ndikuchezera;
- pitani ku dome ndiulendo wowongoleredwa wa Reichstag (90 mphindi);
- pitani ku dome ndi malo owonera (ndi zomvera).
Mutha kupita ku iliyonse yamapulogalamuwa kwaulere, koma pokhazikitsa - muyenera kulembetsa pafupifupi miyezi 1-3 isanakwane. Kulembetsa kwa Reichstag ku Berlin kumachitika muofesi yapadera yoyendera pafupi ndi zokopa, komanso patsamba lovomerezeka la Bundestag https://www.bundestag.de/en. Kuphatikiza apo, ndibwino kuti mutsegule tsambalo kuti mulembe https://visite.bundestag.de/BAPWeb/pages/createBookingRequest/viewBasicInformation.jsf?lang=en.
Mukamakonzekera ulendo wopita ku Reichstag ku Berlin, ndikofunikira kuti mufotokozere zonse molondola, chifukwa pakhomo, mapasipoti ndi mayitanidwe amafufuzidwa mosamala. Kuitanako kumatumizidwa ndi makalata patatha masiku angapo kuchokera pomwe ntchito yapaintaneti yatsirizidwa, ndipo iyenera kusindikizidwa.
Upangiri! Mukamapanga fomu yofunsira, muyenera kufotokoza chilankhulo cha ulendowu. Maulendo achi Russia amachitika, koma osati pafupipafupi, ndipo ngati gululi silikulembedwanso, ulendowu ungathetsedwe kwathunthu. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kusankha Chingerezi, makamaka popeza mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kalozera wamawu ku Russian kwaulere.
Reichstag ku Berlin imatsegulidwa kwa alendo tsiku lililonse kuyambira 8:00 mpaka 24:00, kulowa kotsiriza ndi 21:45. Muyenera kufika mphindi 15 isanakwane nthawi yoikidwiratu kuti mukhale ndi nthawi yokwaniritsa njira yonse yotsimikizira.
Ulendo wotsogozedwa wa Reichstag