Kodi ndalama - tanthauzo, mitundu ndi ntchito za ndalama + mbiri yakuwonekera ndi chitukuko

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Moni, owerenga okondedwa a Magazini azachuma a Ideas for Life! Lero tikambirana za ndalama ndi ntchito zake - kuti ndi chiyani, mbiri yakale ya ndalama, ndi mitundu yanji ya ndalama yomwe ilipo masiku ano.

Mwa njira, mwawona kuti mtengo wa dola ndiwofunika kale motani? Yambani kupanga ndalama pamasiyana pamitengo yosinthira apa!

Mwa kuphunzira nkhaniyi mosamala kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto, muphunziranso:

phindu la ndalama ndi chiyani;
amene anabwera ndi ndalama yoyamba;
ntchito zazikulu zandalama ndi ziti;
ali ndi katundu wanji;
ndalama imagwira ntchito yanji pachuma.

Pamapeto pa nkhaniyi mupeza mayankho a mafunso otchuka kwambiri pamutuwu.

Ndiye tiyeni tizipita!

Werengani za ndalama, mbiri ya momwe ndalama zimaonekera, ntchito zomwe amachita ndi mitundu yanji - werengani m'magazini yathu.

1. Kodi ndalama ndi chiyani - tanthauzo ndi tanthauzo la ndalama 💸

Mutu wa ndalama umadetsa nkhawa anthu ambiri. Komabe, sikuti aliyense amayesetsa kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zili komanso mawonekedwe ake. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama ndichofunikira kwambiri pachuma. Ngati tilingalira za lingaliroli kuchokera pamawonekedwe ena, tanthauzo la ndalama lidzakhala motere:

Ndalama - uwu ndi mtundu wapadera wazogulitsa womwe umakhala wambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwa komwe ndalama zimakhalapo ndikuti sikunyamula mtengo uliwonse wogula. Koma ndi njira yosinthira konsekonse - mutha kugula zonse zomwe mungafune nawo.

M'malo mwake, ndalama ndizofunika zomwe aliyense amafunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri amafuna kukhala ndi zochuluka momwe angathere.

Makhalidwe akulu a ndalama ndi awa:

ndi chida chosinthira katundu ndi ntchito;
amakulolani kuyeza mtengo, ndiye kuti, mtengo wazinthu zilizonse zomwe zagulitsidwa;
ndi muyeso wa ntchito yoyezera, komanso kuyeza phindu lazinthu zopangidwa ndi ntchito.

Ndani adayambitsa ndalamazo - mbiri yakubwera kwa ndalama

2. Mbiri yakomwe idachokera ndalama (kuyambira kale mpaka pano) 📚

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu agwiritsa ntchito kusinthanitsa, kusintha zotsatira za ntchito yawo pazinthu zonse zomwe amafunikira. Komabe, njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino kumagawo ang'onoang'ono pomwe aliyense amagwira ntchito mokomera anthu onse.

Pang'onopang'ono, ndikukula kwa maubwenzi pakati pa madera osiyanasiyana, zidakhala zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa chilengedwe, chomwe aliyense angakhale wokonzeka kusinthanitsa ndi chinthu chilichonse. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo anatulukira ndalama.

2.1. Mbiri yakale, kusinthanitsa koyamba

Olemba mbiri yakale amati ndalama zachitsulo zoyambirira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba. Mwa malingaliro, otchuka kwambiri ndi China, Persia ndipo Lidiya ufumu... Izi sizikutanthauza mayiko amakono, koma awo omwe adatsogola kale, omwe adalipo zaka masauzande zapitazo ndipo asowa kale pankhope ya dziko lapansi.

Lero, anthu amakono amangopeza zotsimikizira zakale, komanso zolemba zochepa zomwe zapulumuka mpaka pano. Ndalama zoyambirira zidatsogola Alans dzina loyambaamene amatchulidwa m’Baibulo.

Olemba mbiri ena amavomereza kuti m'mitundu iliyonse yomwe sinatchulidwe dzina, ndalama zachitsulo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalikira ngakhale kale. Komabe, sizokayikitsa kuti anthu adzadziwa za izi.

Poyamba, tinkagwiritsa ntchito ngati muyeso wamtengo zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zamtengo wapatali... Komabe, pakadali pano, sikungakhale kolondola kuwatcha iwo ndalama zonse. Mwakutero, uku ndikusinthana komweku, koma kugwiritsa ntchito zodzikongoletsera ngati njira yosinthana.

2.2. Ndani adabwera ndi ndalama yoyamba?

Olemba mbiri ambiri amakonda kukhulupirira kuti boma loyamba kupangira ndalama kuchokera kuzitsulo kuti liziyenda linali Lidiya ufumu... Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza, omwe zaka zawo ndizochepa Zambiri 2 500 zaka.

Palinso umboni wa mbiriyakale wosonyeza kuti munthu woyamba amene adati agwiritse ntchito ndalama zachitsulo anali mfumu dariyo... Chifukwa cha izi, ubale wamalonda wakhala wosavuta kwambiri.

Asanadziwitse ndalama, kunali koyenera kupeza wina yemwe anali ndi zinthu zofunika, kenako ndikumunyengerera kuti asinthanitse zinthu zomwe wogula anali nazo. Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama, zidakhala zotheka kugulitsa malonda awo kwa munthu woyamba.

Kale m'masiku amenewo, amalonda adayamba kuyenda kumayiko ena ndikufalitsa nkhani. Chifukwa cha ndalama zimakhala zosavuta ndipo pazokha zinali zothandiza, mwachangu kwambiri adadziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Komabe, kale ndikutuluka kwa ndalama zoyambirira, anthu adakumana ndi vuto losankha liti zokometsera pa iwo... Komanso, kale panthawiyi kunkawonekera oyamba onyenga.

2.3. Chiyambi cha mawu oti "ndalama"

Anthu ambiri amadzifunsa okha kuti mawuwa adachokera kuti ndalamazikutanthauza chiyani? Chodabwitsa, lingaliro ili limalumikizidwa ndi milungu yakale yachiroma.

Ndalama zoyambirira zidapangidwa m'kachisi woperekedwa kwa mulungu wamkazi wachiroma wakale Juno. Iye anali ndi mutu moneta... Ndiwo mawu omwe adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza ndalama zachitsulo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mawu achi Latin adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri aku Europe.

Aroma ankachita ndawala nthawi zonse, poyesa kugonjetsa madera ambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, ndalama zidafalikira pafupifupi Europekomanso magawo Kumpoto kwa Africa... Mafuko achilendo okhala m'derali amayenera kutsatira mbiri ndi chikhalidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe Ufumu wa Roma ukuchita.

Izi ndi zomwe mbiri yakale imachitira umboni. Koma zikalata zonse zidalembedwa ndi omwe adapambana.

2.4. Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha ndalama zoyambirira

Zofukula m'mabwinja zidapangitsa kuti zidziwike kuti mu China ndalama anali mawonekedwe amakona anayi... Nthawi yomweyo, sizikudziwika bwinobwino chifukwa chake pali kusiyana kumeneku. Komanso, chitsulo chosungunuka chimakhala chowulungika mosavuta. Ichi ndiye chinthu choyandikira kwambiri pamtengo wozungulira wakale.

Ku China, munthawi inayake yakale, mavuto adabuka ndi kutulutsa zitsulo. Chifukwa chake, sizinatheke kuonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama zachitsulo kuthana ndi kufunikira kwake. Ndinayenera kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli. Pakadali pano, dera lino lakhala likupanga mapepala kwazaka zambiri.
Boma lidayesa kusintha ndalama zakabanki za ndalama zomwe zikufunidwa. Lonjezo lomweli likhoza kuperekedwa kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi anthu akugula ndi kugulitsa (kusinthana) katundu.

Lingaliro la ndalama zamalonda lidakopa atsogoleri a mayiko ambiri. Koma ku Europe idayambitsidwa patapita nthawi. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kudzipatula kwa China kumayiko ena.

Ku Russia ndi Europe, yesetsani kutsatira ziphuphu, zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomata zamapepala ndi ndalama, zasandulika posachedwa - za 300 zaka zapitazo... Chifukwa cha chisankhochi chinali kulemera kwakukulu kwa chikwama. Kuti mulipire ndi ndalama zogulira zambiri, mumayenera kunyamula zikwama zazikulu.

2.5. Mbiri yakulengedwa ndi chitukuko cha ndalama - mwachidule

Mwachidule, titha kuwunikira Mitundu 6 ya ndalamazomwe zidasinthana wina ndi mnzake pakukula kwachitukuko cha anthu:

ingot kuchokera kuzitsulo zamtengo wapatali;
ndalama zachitsulo zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ufumu wa Lidiya;
ndalama zakale zachiroma;
Ndalama zoyamba za Dariyo;
ndalama zochokera ku China zimakhala zamakona anayi;
mavocha - maudindo ndi ma risiti papepala.

Komabe, chitukuko cha ndalama sichinayimire pomwepo. Kudalirana kwadziko mwachangu ndichikhalidwe chamasiku ano. Matekinoloje amakompyuta akusiya zolemba zamapepala pang'onopang'ono. Masiku ano, sizachilendo kulipira pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi.

Pang'onopang'ono, pakapita nthawi, kufunikira kwa ndalama zakuthupi kumafufutidwa kukumbukira. Komabe, kufotokoza kwawo konse m'mbuyomu komanso kusiya kwawo pang'onopang'ono m'zinthu zamakono kumasintha dziko kukhala labwino. Tithokoze chifukwa chakukula kwa intaneti komanso ukadaulo, kuchuluka kwa zochita kwanu kukukulira kwambiri ↑. Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kwakukana kwathunthu kwa ndalama ndi ndalama zamabanki sikungafanane mtsogolo.

Mwa njira iyi, Mosakayikira, yemwe adapanga ndalamazo adathandizira kwambiri mbiri. Komabe, dzina la Mlengi yekhayo amene angathokozedwe chifukwa cha izi silinabweretsedwe kwa munthu wamakono. Pali kuthekera kuti lingaliro lopanga ndalama lidawonekera nthawi imodzi m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.

Ntchito zazikulu zachuma pachuma

3. Ntchito zandalama ndi gawo lawo pachuma - kuwunika mwachidule ntchito zazikulu 6 (mwachidule komanso momveka bwino) 📝

Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ndikukula kwachitukuko, komanso ubale wamalonda, ntchito za ndalama zimakulirakulira. Poyamba, amangogwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mtengo wa katundu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pake, ndalama zidayamba kukwaniritsa ntchito zina zingapo zofunikira pagulu.

Ntchito zandalama Ndi chiwonetsero chapadera cha udindo wawo pachuma (zochitika zachuma pagulu).

Nanga ntchito ya ndalama ndi yotani?

Ntchito 1. Ndalama ngati muyeso wa mtengo wake

Ntchito ya ndalama monga muyeso wamtengo wapatali imapangidwa munthawi yamitengo. Ndi ndalama zomwe zimathandiza kudziwa kufunika kwa malonda kapena ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kufanana konsekonse kumathandizira kufananiza mtengo wazinthu zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito limodzi.

Mtengo Ndi chiwonetsero cha kufunika kwa katundu ndi ntchito mwanjira zamanambala. Kapangidwe kake kamachitika malinga ndi zofunikira pakupanga katundu kapena ntchito kutengera ndi zomwe zachitika pano.

Zinali zovuta kuyerekezera mtengo wazinthu popanda kuzitsitsa pamlingo winawake. Kuchuluka kwakuthupi kulikonse kumayeza mu magawo oyenerera. Mtengo pakadali pano ungayezedwe ndi ndalama.

Pambuyo poyambitsa mtengo wofanana ndi chilengedwe chonse, kufunikira kwamawerengedwe ovuta a mtengo wazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zinawoneka.

Muzachuma chamakono, mitengo imawerengedwa padera pachinthu chilichonse. Poterepa, muyenera kulingalira zonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito - zida, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuchepetsa kuwerengera, kugwiritsa ntchito monga chinthu chofunikira pa izi kudathandizira ndalama za boma... Nthawi zina, chuma cha dziko chikasakhazikika, ndalama zamaiko ena zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ntchito 2. Ndalama ngati njira yogulira

Pogwira ntchito yogula, ndalama zimathandizira pakugulitsa, komwe kumakhala kugula ndi kugulitsa zochitika.

Munjira imeneyi, ndalama ndizo Njira zoyendetsera... Amathandizira kukhalabe osasunthika pakulandila ndalama.

Pakugulitsa, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuchepa pakati pakulandila katunduyo ndi kusamutsa ndalama zake. Izi ndichifukwa choti ogulitsa atha kupatsa ogula nawo kuzengeleza... Chifukwa chake, lingaliro latsopano lazachuma limabuka - ngongole.

Ntchito 3. Ndalama ngati njira yolipirira

Kukula kotsatira kwa kapangidwe kazachuma kudapangitsa kuti ndalama zigwire ntchito ina. Pang`onopang`ono, zachuma zinatenga malo a njira zonse zolipirira.

Pakadali pano, ndi ndalama zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulipirira zinthu, kukwaniritsa zina zofunika.

Ntchito 4. switchgear

Chofunika kwambiri pakugawa ntchito ndikusamutsa ndalama zina pamutu wina. Poterepa, woyamba samalandira chipukuta misozi.

Ntchito ya ndalamayi imagwira ntchito ngati maziko a bajeti iliyonse yaboma, komanso kagawidwe ka mabungwe. Makina akuluakulu azikhalidwe nthawi zonse amakhala okhazikika pantchito yomwe ikufunsidwayo.

Ntchito 5. Ndalama monga sitolo yamtengo wapatali ndikusunga

Ndalama sizimangogwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso monga maziko achuma. Mwanjira ina, zachuma zitha kupulumutsidwa ngati ndalama, zoperekedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zitha kuchulukitsidwa pakuyika ndalama kuti mupange bizinesi yanu, ndikulonjeza mapulojekiti. Tidalemba izi mwatsatanetsatane apa.

Ntchito iyi ya ndalama imatsimikizira momwe ntchito ikuyendetsedwera pakati pa anthu, chitukuko chamabanki, masheya, misika yazachuma. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi iye amene amatsimikizira kukula kwa chuma cha dziko limodzi.

Zomwe zikuchitika mdziko lamakono zikukula munthawi ya kudalirana kwachuma. Poterepa, udindo woyamba umaperekedwa ku ndalama ngati ndalama.

Cash imagwira ntchito ngati sitolo yamtengo wapatali, chinthu chogwirira ntchito. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti phindu lenileni la ndalama zimadalira kuchuluka kwamaphunziro.

Mphamvu zogulira ndalama sizimangosintha pokhapokha ngati kulibe kufufuma... M'malo mwake, chuma choterocho kulibe. Chifukwa chake, motsogozedwa ndi inflation, ndalama pang'onopang'ono zimatha mphamvu yake yogula.

Zikatero, kusunga ndalama kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo. Poterepa, ntchitoyi imagwiridwa osati ndi dziko, koma ndi ndalama zakunja. Ndalama zamayiko amenewo zasankhidwa, zomwe chuma chawo chimakhazikika.

Ntchito 6. Ndalama ngati muyeso wosinthana wapadziko lonse lapansi

Potengera kudalirana kwachuma, ndalama pantchitoyi zimagwira ntchito zingapo:

kutembenuka kwa ndalama;
kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama zonse;
mapangidwe osinthira ndalama.

Kusinthana kwa ndalama pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana kumathandizira kupanga maubwenzi akunja, ndi ngongole zapadziko lonse lapansi... Kuphatikiza apo, ntchitoyi imakupatsani mwayi wothandizana nawo akunja.

Pachikhalidwe, ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zimayezedwa mumalonda osungidwa. Lero iwo aliDola yaku America ($), Yen yaku Japan (¥), ndi Yuro (€).

Komabe, pakakhala mgwirizano, kukhazikika pakati pa mayiko kumatha kuchitika m'magulu ena azachuma. M'malo mwake, ndalama zilizonse zitha kugwira ntchito zakumayiko ena.

Gome: "Ntchito zazikulu zandalama ndi mawonekedwe awo"

Ntchito	Kufotokozera	Makhalidwe Abwino
1. Muyeso wa mtengo wake	Kudziwa kufunika kwa zinthu	M'mbuyomu, iyi inali ntchito yoyamba
2. Kugula sing'anga	Limakupatsani kugula zonse muyenera	Kuwonetsetsa kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi ntchito
3. Njira zolipilira	Imakupatsani mwayi wobweza ngongole	Maziko pakupanga dongosolo la ngongole
4. Kugawa	Kusamutsa ndalama popanda kubwezeredwa	Zimakhazikitsa ndalama kuboma
5. Njira zosunga ndi kusunga	Limakupatsani kupanga ndalama	Mtengo wamsungidwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi chuma cha dziko
6. Kuyeza kosinthana kwapadziko lonse lapansi	Kusunga kusinthana pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana	Mtengo wosinthira umatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe chuma chikuyendera mdziko lonse

Ndalama zimagwira ntchito ndi zitsanzo zenizeni

Mitundu ya ndalama ndi mawonekedwe awo

4. Kodi ndi mitundu yanji ya ndalama yomwe ilipo - TOP-8 mitundu ya ndalama 📌

M'magulu amakono, mitundu yambiri yazandalama idaperekedwa. Zonsezi zimaphatikizanso ma subspecies ambiri, omwe amafotokozera mitundu yawo yonse.

Ndalama zimasiyana zakuthupiamagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, njira zochitira, zosankha zowerengera ndalama, komanso kusintha kuchokera ku mtundu wina kupita ku wina. Mbiri Mitundu 8 ya ndalama, tidzawaganizira mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.

Onani 1. Ndalama zamalonda

M'mabukuwa mutha kupeza mayina osiyanasiyana amtengo wapatali. Apo ayi amatchedwa zachilengedwe, zenizeni ndipo chomveka... Poterepa, katundu wokhala ndi mtengo wofunikira komanso wothandiza amakhala ngati ndalama.

Mtundu uwu umaphatikiza zinthu zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mtengo wawo pakapangidwe kazinthu zoyenda.

M'madera osiyanasiyana, adagwiritsidwa ntchito:

tirigu;
mchere;
ziweto;
zitsulo zolemera zonse zazitsulo zazitsulo zamtengo wapatali;
ubweya ndi zina zotero.

Onani 2. Ndalama zotetezedwa

Ndalama zotetezedwa pa chiwonetsero chawo, mutha kusinthana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina kapena zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. M'malo mwake, ndalama zotetezedwa ndizoyimira ndalama zamalonda.

Onani 3. Ndalama za Fiat

Fiat ndalama alibe phindu lililonse palokha, kapena sizingafanane ndi mawonekedwe amaso.

Chuma chotere chimagwira ntchito zandalama chifukwa boma limavomera kulandila ngati misonkho ndipo amawakonza ngati njira yovomerezeka yolipilira m'gawo lawo.

Tsopano mawonekedwe oyambira ndi ndalama zandalama ndipo ndalama zopanda ndalamakuyikidwa pamaakaunti ndi mabungwe amabanki.

Mtundu 4. Ndalama zandalama

Ndalama zandalama pali ufulu wofunsa mtsogolo ngongole yomwe idzakhazikitsidwe. Nthawi zambiri, amapangidwa posamutsa masheya, omwe atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kugula chilichonse chomwe mungafune, komanso kubweza ngongole zanu. Nthawi zambiri, amalipiritsa patsiku linalake.

Onani 5. Ndalama zabwino

Ndalama zabwino ali ndi mtengo wamagulu kuti awonetsetse mphamvu yawo yogula. Imakhala ngati mtengo wokwanira wamkati wotsimikizika ndi mfundo za kubereka.

Ndalama zoterezi zimaphatikizapo magulu awiri:

katundu;
chitsulo.

Onani 6. Ndalama zoperewera

Ndalama zopanda phindu zilibe phindu pamsika. Pali mitundu yawo yambiri. Izi zimangotengera malamulo omwe amayendetsa kayendedwe ka ndalama.

Otetezedwa katundu kapena zitsulo zosinthanitsa. Ngakhale alibe tanthauzo lamkati, ali nawo nthumwi... Zimamveka ngati muyeso wa mtengo wogula womwe umapezeka mumtengo wotsika mtengo mukasinthana ndi mtengo wathunthu.
Ndalama zopanda chitetezo satengera chitetezo chilichonse, chifukwa chake sangathe kusinthana ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Chuma chotere chimakhala ngati ndalama chifukwa chodziwika ndi kudaliridwa ndi mabungwe azachuma.
Tchati Ndi ndalama zosiyana, zomwe zimayenda motsatira malamulo, zimavomerezedwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi boma.

Onani 7. Ndalama

Cash ndi ndalama zomwe anthu amakhala mmanja. Ndalama zoterezi zimakhudzidwa ndikuthandizira malonda ogulitsa ndi zolipiritsa ndi zolipira. Mwanjira ina, ndalama ndi makobidi ndipo ndalama zandalamaanadutsa kuchokera m'manja kupita m'manja.

Mtundu 8. Ndalama zopanda ndalama

Kuchuluka kwa zandalama, zomwe zimapezeka pamaakaunti m'mabungwe amabanki, zimakhala ngati ndalama zopanda ndalama. Muthanso kumva kutchulidwa kwa ndalama ngati kusungitsa kapena ngongole.

Lero mitundu yonse iyi ya ndalama imakhalira limodzi nthawi imodzi. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pachuma.

5. Ndi mitundu yanji ya ndalama yomwe ilipo mu nthawi yathu - chitsanzo chabwino 🔎

Pano pali chithunzi chowoneka cha mitundu ya ndalama mdziko lamakono:

Mitundu ya ndalama zomwe zilipo pakadali pano

Mwachidule, masiku athu ano pali mitundu iwiri ya ndalama: ndalama ndipo osakhala ndalama.

✔ Ndalama - ndi makobidi, ndalama zamapepala, ndalama za ngongole (ngongole, ndalama, macheke).

✔ Ndalama zopanda ndalama - ndalama zomwe zili maakaunti. Iwo agawidwa makhadi apulasitiki, makhadi apulasitiki olipira ndipo ndalama zamagetsi (zamagetsi).

6. Mitundu yodziwika ya ndalama 💎

Maonekedwe a ndalama ndi mawonekedwe akunja amitundu ina yazachuma. Amasiyana makamaka pantchito yomwe amachita. M'munsimu mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya ndalama.

1) Zachitsulo

Ndikukula kwa mbiriyakale, kuchokera pazambiri zamagulu osiyanasiyana, zomwe zidapangidwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali pang'onopang'ono zidatulukira. Iwo anakhala mawonekedwe chilengedwe.

Iwo mwayi chinali chakuti adagawika mosavuta m'magawo ambiri ndipo sanasokonezeke pakapita nthawi. Zitsulo zoterezi zinkawononga ndalama zambiri nthawi imodzi ndipo zinali zofala padziko lonse lapansi.

KumapetoVii zaka zana BC Lidiya (dziko ku Asia Minor) ndalama zachitsulo zidapangidwa. Zinali zozungulira zazitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zidapangidwa ndi boma. Ndalama zachangu zidayamba kutchuka ndipo zidatenga malo osinthana ndi zitukuko zambiri.

Chifukwa chakuti ndalama zopangidwa ndi golidi ndi siliva zinali ndi phindu lake, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko onse momwe zimayendera ndalama zachitsulo. Komabe, dziko lililonse linkafuna kupanga tindalama tawo tokha. Ntchitoyi inali chitsimikiziro cha udindo wapamwamba komanso ulamuliro waboma.

Pakatikati pake, ndalama zachitsulo zimatanthauza chomveka... Mtengo wawo wodziwika nthawi zambiri umafanana ndi mtengo wazitsulo zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga.

2) Pepala

M'mbuyomu, mawonekedwe awa adayambitsidwa m'malo mwa ndalama zagolide zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Poyamba, ndalama zapepala zidapangidwa ndi boma mofanana ndi ndalama zagolide. Kuti awadziwitse m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, boma lidatsimikizira kusinthana pakufunidwa kwa ndalama zagolide.

Mbali yayikulu ya fomu iyi: kusowa kodziyimira pawokha. Nthawi yomweyo, boma limawayikira mokakamizidwa.

Ndalama zoterezi zili ndi ntchito ziwiri:

kuchita ngati njira yoyendetsera zinthu;
ndi njira yolipira.

Nthawi zambiri, boma likakumana ndi kuchepa kwa chuma, limaganiza zokweza ndalama zamapepala, osaganizira kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka katundu.

Pakakhala kusinthana kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali, ndalama zamapepala sizoyenera kuchita ntchito yodziunjikira. Zotsala zawo sizingachokere pazoyenda zokha.

3) Mbiri

Fomuyi idawonekera pakapangidwe kazopanga zinthu, pomwe kugula ndi kugulitsa katundu kumayamba kuchitika pakulipira pang'onopang'ono. Kukhazikitsa kumatsimikizika ndi ntchitoyo ndalama zikakhala njira yolipira. Apa amatenga gawo la udindo, kubweza komwe kumachitika panthawi yomwe agwirizana.

Mbali yawo yapadera: imamasulidwa kuti igawidwe molingana ndi zosowa zenizeni za chiwongola dzanja. Ngongole imaperekedwa ndikupereka chikole kwa wobwereketsayo. Mitundu ina yamasheya imatha kutero. Poterepa, kubweza ngongole kumachitika pochepetsa malire azomwe zilipo.
Pomaliza, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zolipira zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa wobwereka zimalumikizidwa ndikufunika kwakubwera kwachuma.

Fomuyi nayenso alibe mtengo wake. Ndalama zotere ndizophiphiritsira, zotsekedwa muzinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati chikole mukamachita ngongole. Mabungwe amabanki nthawi zambiri amatulutsa ndalama zangongole pantchito yawo yobwereketsa.

4) Bill

Ndalama zosinthana kale ndi mtundu woyamba wa ndalama zandalama zomwe zidabwera chifukwa chazamalonda pamalingaliro olipilira pang'onopang'ono.

Bill yosinthana - ili ndi lamulo lolembedweratu la wobwereka kuti abweze kuchuluka kwa ndalama panthawi inayake pamalo ena ake.

Misonkho ndi ya mitundu iwiri:

chigwa zoperekedwa ndi wobwereketsa;
kusindikiza kapena ndalama yosinthana yotulutsidwa ndi wobwereketsayo ndikutumiza kwa wobwereketsa kuti asayine ndikubwerera kwa wobwereketsayo.

Masiku ano amagwiritsanso ntchito:

chuma, kutulutsidwa kumene kumachitika ndi boma pofuna kubweza kuchepa kwa bajeti, komanso kuchotsa mipata ya ndalama;
wochezeka Choperekedwa ndi munthu m'modzi mokomera wina pakuwerengera ndalama zawo kubanki;
mkuwaomwe alibe malonda.

Pankhani yolandila, ndiye kuti, chilolezo chochokera kubungwe lamabanki, biluyi imalingaliridwa analandira... Kuphatikiza apo, chitsimikizo chake chobweza kuonjezera ↑.

Zinthu zazikulu za ngongole ndi izi:

zopanda pakendiye kuti, mtundu wamagulitsidwe suwonetsedwa pachiwopsezo choterocho;
Kusatsimikizika - zikutanthauza kuti kulipira ngongole ndizovomerezeka, ndipo ngati pangawonetsedwe, njira zogwiritsira ntchito zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito;
kutembenuka - ndalama yosinthanitsa itha kutumizidwa kwa munthu wina mwa kuyika chikwangwani cholembedwera kumbuyo, izi zimalola kuti ndalama yosinthira igwiritsidwe ntchito kuthana ndi zovuta;

Komanso, gawo lina la bilu ndikuti imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu malonda ogulitsa, pomwe zonse zomwe mukuyenera kuchita zibwezedwa ndi ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu owerengeka amatenga nawo mbali pazofalitsa zolembera.

5) Zolemba pamapepala

Ma banki amaimira ndalama za ngongole, zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Central Bank mdziko muno. Mutha kuwunikira zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi mabilu. Amaperekedwa patebulo.

Tebulo: "Zofananitsa zandalama ndi ngongole"

Makhalidwe ofananitsa	Ndalama	Bill yosinthana
Ndani akupereka	banki yayikulu	Wochita bizinesi payekha
Changu	Kudzipereka kosatha	Changu - pafupifupi pafupipafupi kwakanthawi 3 kale 6 miyezi
Chitsimikizo	State	Aliyense

Poyamba, ndalama zandalama zinali ndi chikole 2 nthawi imodzi:

chitsimikizo chamalonda, popeza kutulutsidwa kunachitika pamaziko a ngongole, zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kufalitsa katundu;
chitsimikizo cha golide Anapereka kusinthanitsa ndi golide.

Ndalama zomwe mungasinthanitse ndi chitsulo zimatchedwa zachikale... Mbali yawo yapadera ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa milingo. Poyerekeza mapepala apakale ndi ndalama zamapepala, mawonekedwe awo akulu amaperekedwa mu tebulo ili m'munsiyi.

Tebulo: "Kufananitsa kwa ndalama zamapepala ndi zolemba zamabuku"

Khalidwe	Banki yachikale	Ndalama zamapepala
Amachokera ku ntchito yanji	Chida cha kulipira	Njira zoyendetsera
Njira yotulutsa	Yatulutsidwa ndi Central Bank	Yaperekedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma
Kubwezeredwa	Amabwerera ku Central Bank pakutha nthawi yamakalata olonjezedwa yomwe adakhazikika	Osabwerera
Kusiyanasiyana	Mukabwerera ku Central Bank, amasintha kukhala miyala yamtengo wapatali	Zosasintha

Masiku ano, ndalama zamabanki zimayamba kupezeka kudzera m'mabanki omwe amapereka ngongole kuboma ndi ena pamsika, ndikusintha ndalama zakunja kukhala ndalama zadziko.

Lero palibe kusinthana ndalama zamtengo wapatali zazitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Kuphatikiza apo, samakhala ndi katundu aliyense nthawi zonse.

Mabanki apakati amayiko osiyanasiyana amatulutsa zikwangwani zamabungwe ndi zipembedzo zovomerezeka. Ndiwo ndalama zadziko lonse.

6) Gawo

Ndalama zosungitsa - izi ndizolemba m'mabanki pamaakaunti omwe atsegulidwa kwa makasitomala. Kupezeka kwa ndalama zotere kumachitika mwiniwake wa biluyo akaipereka kuti ikawerengedwe. M'malo mopereka ndalama zandalama, bungwe lazachuma limatsegula akaunti, ndipo amalipiritsa mwa kubweza ndalama.

Ndalama zamtunduwu zimatha kuchita ntchito yodzikundikira kudzera mu chiwongola dzanja, chomwe chimachitika ngati mungasamuke kwakanthawi kubanki kuti mugwiritse ntchito. Akhozanso kuchitapo kanthu muyeso wa mtengokoma sangakhale njira yoyendetsera zinthu.

Monga ndalama yosinthana, ndalama zoyikirapo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe awiri. Ndiwo capital capital ndipo nthawi yomweyo amachita ngati njira yolipira. Kusamvana kwa ndalama zoyikika, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi ntchito zosunga ndi kubweza, zidathetsedwa pakugawa maakaunti aku banki zamakono ndipo chofulumira.

7) Fufuzani

Fufuzani ndi chikalata chandalama chomwe chili ndi lamulo lochokera kwa mwini akaunti yakubanki kuti alipire yemwe ali ndi chikalatacho ndalama zomwe zawonetsedwa.

Pali mitundu ingapo yamacheke pachuma chachuma:

Mwadzina amalembedwa kwa munthu winawake. Mwini wawo alibe ufulu wosamutsa cheke kwa wina aliyense;
Onani cheke kuperekedwa kwa munthu winawake. Komabe, amene ali nawo ali ndi ufulu kusamutsa zikalata kupita kwa munthu wina kudzera kuvomereza;
Wonyamula - cheke chotere, ndalama zimaperekedwa kwa munthu aliyense amene amapereka kuti alipire;
Cheke yolipira amagwiritsidwa ntchito pongogula ndalama popanda ndalama;
Macheke ovomerezeka - malinga ndi chikalatachi, banki ikuvomereza, ndiye kuti, chilolezo, kuti alipire ndalama zina.

Chofunika kwambiri cha mawonekedwe awa ndi awa: macheke atha kukhala chida cholandirira ndalama kubungwe labanki, njira yoyendetsera ndalama, yogwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zolipira zosakhala ndalama.

8) Wopanda ndalama

M'mayiko otukuka, gawo lalikulu lazandalama limagawidwa kwa osakhala ndalama, omwe ndi:

zolemba pamaakaunti omwe atsegulidwa ndi Central Bank ndi nthambi zake;
madipoziti omwe amaikidwa m'mabanki ogulitsa.

Mwakutero, samachita ngati njira yolipira. koma amatha kusandulika ndalama nthawi iliyonseZomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mabungwe azangongole.

Mwakutero, ndalama zotere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi zingapo za ubwino asanafike omaliza.

9) Pakompyuta

kumapeto Zaka XX zaka zana zapitazo zidadziwika ndi kusintha kwa ndalama zatsopano, zotchedwa zamagetsi. Zofunikira za izi zinali kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapakompyuta, komanso chitukuko cha intaneti.

Ndalama zamagetsi Kodi zosungidwa mumtundu wamagetsi zamtengo wapatali pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polipira. Zipangizo zotere sizitanthauza kuyendetsa kovomerezeka pamachitidwe aku banki ndipo zitha kukhala chida cholipiriratu.

Ndalama zomwe zikufunsidwa ndizoyenera pakompyuta. Amasungidwa pa sing'anga yapadera momwe wogwiritsa ntchito angafikire.

Fomuyi imakhazikitsidwa potumiza ndalama. Poterepa, poyambilira munthu amene azilipira amapanga ndalama zingapo za ngongole.

Ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya ndalama zamagetsi:

Fiat zimawonetsedwa ngati ndalama zaboma, zimakhala ngati mtundu wamagulu azandalama omwe amalipira. Pamalamulo, nzika zonse zimayenera kuvomereza kuti alipire.
Osati mafuta kukhala ngati gawo lazandalama zosasamalira boma. Zochita zonse ndi iwo zimachitika motsatira malamulo amachitidwe operekera ndalama omwe amawapatsa.

Ndalama zamagetsi zikuchulukirachulukira. Ndalama ndi macheke zikulowedwa m'malo ndi makhadi a kirediti kadi, omwe ndi njira zolipira.

Zinthu zofunikira kwambiri pandalama ndikuvomerezeka, kukhazikika kwa mtengo, chuma, kutalika kwa ntchito, kufanana, kugawa, kunyamula. Katundu wamkulu wa ndalama ndiye kusungika kwathunthu.

7. Katundu wamkulu wa ndalama 📊

Ndalama, ngakhale ndizosiyanasiyana, ndi chida chimodzi. Kudzera mwa iye kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale wachuma masiku ano kukuchitika.

Komabe, kuti akhale chida chenicheni, zofunika zina zimayikidwa patsogolo pazandalama, zomwe zimatsimikizika makamaka pamlingo wachitukuko. Izi ndizomwe zimatsimikizira kusintha kwachuma.

Ndalama zimakwaniritsa zofunikira pagulu pokhapokha ngati zili ndi zinthu zingapo. Zazikulu zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.

Katundu 1. Kuvomerezeka

Anthu akazindikira kufunika kwa ndalama, amayenera kusankha zomwe angagwiritse ntchito. Poyamba, lingaliro ili limatsatira pakuchita ndalama.Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina powerengera. Iwo akhala ofanana ndi mtengo, ndiye kuti, aganiza momwe ndalama zimagwirira ntchito.

M'magulu osiyanasiyana munthawi zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko, anthu amasankha zinthu zawo kuti azigwiritsa ntchito. Chilichonse chimadalira moyo ndi zomwe anthu amayamikira panthawiyi. Monga ndalama zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ubweya, ng'ombe, mchere, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndizinthu zosiyanasiyana zokongola kapena zosowa.

Kuvomerezeka ndichinthu chofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito chinthu china monga ndalama. Lingaliro la munthu m'modzi pazomwe angagwiritse ntchito ngati ndalama ndilopanda tanthauzo. Kuti chinthu chikwaniritse cholinga chake, anthu ambiri adzayenera kukhulupirira kuthekera kokugwiritsa ntchito m'malo mwa ndalama.

Katundu wambiri amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito polipira anali nawo mtengo wamkati... Zinatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthekera kwakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pazinthu zina kapena kufunikira kwa zinthu zotere chifukwa chakupezeka kwawo.

Lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito ndalama likabuka pagulu, anthu amakhala okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe ali nazo zokha mtengo wosinthanitsa... Chotsatirachi chimatsimikiziridwa ndi chidaliro kuti mtsogolomo chinthuchi chidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito powerengera ndi gulu lonse.

Komabe, ngakhale masiku ano, pamene kufanana kwachuma kukusokonekera kapena pali zopinga pakugwira kwake ntchito, zinthu zamtengo wapatali zitha kukhala ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, ku Europe, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, anthu anasiya kukhulupirira ndalama zamapepala. Zotsatira zake, adasinthidwa ndudu, masitonkeni, ndi chokoleti.

Katundu 2. Kukhazikika mtengo

Kukhazikika kwa mtengo ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chinthu chizigwiritsa ntchito ngati ndalama. Katundu amene akufunsidwayo ndichofunikira pakuvomerezeka.

Ndalama zilizonse zotsika mtengo sizitha kuchita bwino ntchito zantchito yolipira ndi kudzikundikira. Zikatere, anthu ambiri amasiya kupulumutsa chifukwa mphamvu yogula ndalama idzagwa. Anthu adzafunafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera ndalama zawo.

Kukhazikika kwa ndalama, komwe kumangosinthana, kutengera kudalira kwa anthu kuti asagule zosasinthika. Ngati kudalirako kuphwanyidwa, kukhazikika kwa ndalama kumatha kutayika chifukwa chochitapo kanthu kufufuma.

Mwa njira, timalimbikitsa kuwonera kanema wokhudzana ndi kupuma kwa mitengo - ndi chiyani, ndi mitundu yanji yomwe imachitika, zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zakuchuma:

Ndalama zamtengo wapatali amatetezedwa ku zotsatira za kukwera kwamitengo. Koma atha kusokonezedwa ndi kusintha kwa magwiritsidwe ndi kufunikira kwa chinthu chomwe chimayambira. Mtengo utachepa ↓, padzakhala kuchepera ↓ ndi mphamvu yogula ya gawo lazandalama.

Zochita za achinyengo zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Pomwe ndizotheka kutulutsa ndalama zabodzazomwe sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi zenizeni, zizigwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira ngati zowona. Ngati, nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zachinyengo kumakula kwambiri ↑, ndalama zomwe zizizunguliridwa zidzakhudzidwa. Izi zidzatsogolera ku kuchepa ↓ mtengo wa ndalama.

Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, pakukula kwa kufunika kodzikundikira, komanso kupita patsogolo kwa maubwenzi olipira, anthu adayenera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ija ya ndalama, phindu lake linali losakhazikika. Zotsatira zake, golide yekha, yemwe mtengo wake sunasinthe, adayamba kudziwika ngati ndalama. Maiko omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zagolide adapita patsogolo kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19.
Ndikusintha kwachuma komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, kukhazikika pazitsulo zamtengo wapatali kunakhala kosakwanira kupereka malowo. Kugulitsa ndi kufunikira kwa chitsulo chamtengo wapatali kunali kosalekeza, komwe kumawonekera pamtengo wamtengo wapamwamba.

Chifukwa cha zofunikira izi, kusintha kogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosalipira ngongole... Khama lina limathandiza Boma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti asasunthike pamtengo wawo pamtengo wofunikira.

Njira yofunikira yothetsera vuto ngati ili ndondomeko ya ngongole ya ndalama... Zimayendetsedwa ndi Central Bank mdziko muno omwe adapereka ndalamazo. Zikuoneka kuti lero pagulu limodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'boma ndikukhazikitsa bata pamtengo wofunikira pamlingo wofunikira.

Katundu 3. Chuma

Kuchita bwino kumathandiza kuchepetsa ↓ ndalama zomwe zimatsagana ndikupanga ndalama, komanso zimakupatsani mwayi wowonetsetsa ndalama.

Nthawi yomwe ndalama zinali zodzadza njira yothetsera mavuto ovutawa inali yovuta, popeza kuchuluka kwakukulu pakuchita bwino kunali ndi malire. Mtengo wopanga ndalama umadalira mtengo wazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndalama. Pamapeto pake izi zidapangitsa kuti ziwanda zikhale zagolide komanso chilengedwe ndalama zosalongosoka.

Komabe, ngakhale pano vuto lazachuma lazachuma silinataye kufunika kwake. Kupanga ndalama zamakono kumawononga ndalama kuboma lililonse. Izi zimabweretsa Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ndalama zomwe zimayendetsedwa zimasamutsidwa ndikusinthidwa ndikuyika ndalama, ndiye kuti, osati ndalama.

Koma kuti muwonetsetse kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoterezi, muyeneranso kukhala ndi zolipira zingapo. Mtengo wofunikira kukonza akaunti, kulipira, bungwe lokhazikika pakati pa mabanki ndi zina zokhudza bungwe. Pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zoterezi, kayendetsedwe ka ndalama zopanda ndalama zidayamba kupangidwa kudzera pakompyuta.

Kukula kwa momwe ndalama zoyikirira zikukulira nthawi zonse. Ngakhale zili choncho, palibe dziko limodzi padziko lapansi pano lomwe latha kusiya ndalama.

Katundu 4. Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi

Njira yayikulu yokwaniritsira chuma ndi kutha kuyigwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi. Ichi ndi katundu wotsatira wa ndalama. Zinali ngati ndalama zapamwamba kwambiri ndipo tsopano ndizofunikira ndalama. Palibe nzeru kukambirana sungani ndalama mkati mwa malowa, popeza palibe zovala.

Pofuna kuti ndalama zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi, mapepala olemera kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, omwe sagwirizana ndi kuwonongeka. Ndalama zazing'ono zimatha kupangidwa moyenera ngati ndalama zachitsulo.

Mkati mwa chimango cha malowa, chofunikira kwambiri pamapepala ndalama ndi kuvala kukanazomwe zimaganizira:

kukana kwakukulu kinking. Pepala la ndalama liyenera kupirira kangapo masauzande owirikiza kuposa pepala wamba.
kukana misozi ndi m'mphepete misozi imakhudzanso moyo wa ndalama.
pepala lapadera kwambiri. Iyenera kukhala yoyera, yosalala, yosalala, sayenera kusintha motsogozedwa ndi dzuwa ndi kuwala, utoto uyenera kutsatira kwambiri ndalamazo osatha.

Mulingo wabwino kwambiri wazizindikirozi umaperekedwa pamapepala a nsalu ndi thonje.

Katundu 5. Kufanana

Chofanana - chofunikira chomwe chimagwira pamitundu yonse ya ndalama, koma si onse omwe amapereka. Mavuto akulu ndi kufanana adawonedwa pomwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama, popeza gawo lililonse limakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera.

Kuperewera kwa ndalama zamtunduwu kudafooka pang'ono pomwe kusintha kwa ndalama zagolide kumachitika. Ndalama zoterezi zimapezeka kuti ndizofanana komanso zosinthana. Ndalama zomwezo zinali zamtengo wofanana.

Mfundo yofanana kwa ndalama zagolide imatha kuphwanyidwa kangapo:

ngati nthawi yomweyo ndalama zasiliva zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozungulira;
chifukwa chakuchepa kwa ndalama zagolide;
pamene popanga gawo lina la ndalama zagolide adagwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zazitsulo.

Magulu azachuma amikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana akagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza, anthu onse amayesetsa kuti akhalebe ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ogulitsa katundu amayesa kungolandira ndalama zapamwamba kwambiri kuti alipire. Nthawi zonse pamakhala zosiyana zingapo pamtengo wamtengo wapatali womwe siwofanana.

Kusintha kwa ndalama zotsika kunathandizira kuthana ndi vuto la heterogeneity. Komabe, funsoli silinathetsedwe kwathunthu, ngakhale poyang'ana kaye amafanana.

Mukayang'anitsitsa, zimawonekeratu kuti Mitundu ina ya ndalama zosalongosoka imatha kukhala yolemetsa chifukwa cha kudalira kosiyanasiyana kwa omwe amawapereka.
Mwanjira ina, mu ndalama zoterezi, kusagwirizana kumatha kudziwonetsera mosiyana pamlingo wodalirika.

Kudalirika sungani ndalama sichingafanane chimodzimodzi. Izi ndichifukwa choti bungwe lililonse la ngongole limakhala ndi kuchuluka kwake kokhazikika komanso kukhazikika. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kumawonetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi panthawi yamavuto azachuma.

Katundu 6. Kukhazikika

Komanso chofunikira kwambiri kugawanika... Ndizosatheka kugula zinthu zazing'ono pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zosawerengeka.

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zikamakhala ngati ndalama, yomwe inali yamtengo wapatali, panali vuto lalikulu lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi kutayika kwa mtengo pogawa. Mtengo wa gawo lirilonse udakhala wotsika - kuposa momwe udaliri wonse. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zina (Mwachitsanzo ng'ombe zamoyo) sizingagawidwe magawo awiri.

Kulipira mwachangu popanda zina zowonjezera, ndalama ziyenera kugawidwa mosavuta m'magawo ambiri. Zotsatira zake, zimakhala zotheka kusungitsa ndalama zilizonse monga zolipira ndipo nthawi yomweyo kulandira zochulukirapo mwanjira zosintha.

Pofuna kuti pakhale magawano, boma limapereka ndalama kuzipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lazandalama limagawika m'magawo angapo ofanana, nthawi zambiri kukhala 100... Ndalama zachipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengerochi.

Katundu 7. Kunyamula

Ndizofunikira kwambiri pamtengo. kunyamula... Ndikofunikira kuti azitha kunyamula ndikugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndalama zoyambilira zinali zodziwikiratu, koma popanga kusintha, mtundu uliwonse wazandalama umakhala wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Ndalama zamakono monga ndalama zamabuku ndi ndalama zimadziwika kuti ndizotheka. Komabe, kusintha kwake sikunathere pomwepo. Kukhazikitsa makhadi apulasitiki amaloledwa kukhala pafupifupi ndalama zilizonse pamtengo wochepa kwambiri.

Monga momwe zingathere pazinthu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, ndalama zimatha kugwira bwino ntchito zake.

8. FAQ - Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri 💬

Ngakhale kuwoneka kosavuta pamutu wa ndalama, mafunso ambiri amabwera pakuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane. Kuti musawononge nthawi mukufufuza, mwamwambo timayankha omwe amadziwika kwambiri.

Funso 1. Ndi liti ndipo ndalama zoyambira pamapepala zidapezeka bwanji ku Russia?

Ku Russia, ndalama zamapepala zidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba nthawi yaulamuliro Catherine Wachiwiri, kapena m'malo mwake 1769 chaka. Komabe, sanali ofanana kwambiri ndi amakono. Pakatikati pake, ndalama zamapepala za nthawi imeneyo zikuyimira maudindo apadera kubanki, omwe adakhazikitsidwa monga chiphaso, kutsimikizira ufulu wolandila ndalama zachitsulo.

Zinthu zopangira ndalamazo zidapangidwa Krasnoe Selo pa pepala lopanga. Pambuyo pake kupanga adasunthira ku Tsarskoe Selo... Pepala lopanga ndalama linali kale panthawiyo zipsera zamadzi... Komanso panthawiyo, adakanizidwa ndi siginecha yomaliza ya akuluakulu. Ndalama zidasindikizidwa Nyumba Yosindikiza ya Senate.

M'mbuyomu, ndalama zoyambirira zamapepala mdziko lathu ankatchedwa ndalama zandalama... Anali ndi mawonekedwe amaso 25, 50, 75 ndi 100 rubles.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakuwonekera kwawo chinali kusowa kwa migodi ya siliva, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchingira ndalama. Panthawiyo, ndalama zoyambira ku Russia zinali siliva ruble... Mtengo wake umafanana ndi mtengo wachitsulo chamtengo wapatali chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Lofalitsidwa 29 Disembala 1976 za chaka Manifesto akuti chifukwa chachikulu chakusinthira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamabanki ndikufunika kosinthana ndalama zamkuwa ndi ndalama zomwe zingakhale zabwino momwe mungayendere.

Ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa panthawiyo zinali zosavomerezeka. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chakuti mapepala otsika amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimawonetsedwa pandalama ndizolemba komanso manambala. Popeza chithunzi cha ndalama yoyamba chinali chophweka, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kupanga. Vutoli lidakula kwambiri pankhondo ya Napoleon. Pakadali pano, mapepala aku Russia adasindikizidwa pamakina omwe adatumizidwa kuchokera ku France.

Chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa ↓ pamtengo wazandalama zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, zidagamulidwa kuti zikhazikitsenso ndalama zowonjezera.

Kuyambira 1818 by 1819 chaka anamasulidwa ma banki atsopano, mtengo wamaso womwe unali 5, 10, 25, 50 ndi 100 rubles... Ndalamayi imadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma watermark okhala ndi zithunzi za zojambula ndi zojambula za ojambula aku Russia. Chifukwa chake, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti awapangire.

Kuti tiwonjezere kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chamapepala, ojambula aluso anali nawo pakupanga, ukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri udagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso makina apadera. Ndalama zoterezi zimakhalabe zikuzungulira mpaka 1843 za chaka.

Funso 2. Chifukwa chiyani anthu amafuna ndalama?

Anthu amakonda ndalama kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amalankhula za izo, amalakalaka atakhala ndi zochuluka momwe zingathere. Ndalama zimapatsa anthu osati mwayi wachindunji, komanso tanthauzo lina la moyo, lomwe ndilofunika kwambiri kwa iwo.

Udindo wa ndalama pamoyo waboma komanso munthuyo

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe anthu ambiri amayesetsa kuti akhale olemera:

Chitetezo ndi kuwongolera momwe zinthu ziliri. Munthu amakhala ndi nkhawa kuti apatsa ana ake chiyani, momwe angathandizire makolo ake, momwe angathetsere matenda ake. Zikatero, kukhala ndi ndalama kumathandiza kuti mukhale ndi mtendere wamumtima komanso mukhale ndi chidaliro mtsogolo. Izi zimapangitsa chidwi cha chitetezo chokha, komanso kuthana ndi vutoli. Ndi ndalama zomwe zilipo, zovuta zomwe zimadza ndizosavuta kuthana nazo.
Pezani ufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Munthu akamalota ndalama zambiri, nthawi zambiri amaganiza za ufulu komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Momwemo zofunika kusiyanitsa mwayi womwe ungapezeke kuchokera pakukhumba kutaya mtolo waudindo. Nthawi zambiri, maloto a ndalama amabisa mantha komanso kufunitsitsa kuthawa mavuto.
Kutsimikizira kudzidalira. Kukhala ndi ndalama kumakupangitsa kumva kuti ndiwe wofunika. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti amene amalandira ndalama zambiri ndiabwino kuposa omwe sachita bwino. Pofuna kupeza ndalama zochuluka momwe angathere, amayesetsa kudziona kuti ndi ofunika m'maso mwawo. koma pafupifupi nthawi zonse pamakhala wina amene ali ndi ndalama zochulukirapo. Zotsatira zake, mukumva kuwawa kosalekeza komanso kuyesa kupeza zochulukirapo, anthu amakhala osasangalala. Werengani za momwe mungapangire ndalama mwachangu komanso zambiri mu kope lapadera.
Kufuna kukwaniritsa kuzindikira ndi ulemu. Sizachilendo kuti anthu amawononga ndalama zochuluka pamalipiro ndi zachifundo, komanso kusangalatsa anthu ena. Ngakhale kuyiwala za zosowa zawo, akufuna kuwonetsa momwe alili. Ena amafunikira ndalama ngati njira yopititsira patsogolo dzina lawo m'mbiri. Ena akufuna kuti apeze zasayansi, ena akufuna kufalitsa buku - zonsezi zimafunikira ndalama.
Kulimbikira mphamvu. Ndalama zazikulu zitha kukhala chizindikiro champhamvuzonse. Ngati alipo, zimakhala zotheka kuyang'anira chilichonse. Anthu ena amakhala otsimikiza kuti amatha kusinthana ndi ndalama, kenako mosinthanitsa.Amathera nthawi yawo yonse kuntchito koyambirira, kuyesa kupeza ndalama zochuluka pokhulupirira kuti akakhala ndi ndalama zokwanira, adzapumula bwino. M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri, kulakalaka koteroko sikungamveke. Mwina ndizosatheka kupeza ndalama zofunikira, kapena zikakhalapo, onse omwe amafuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito amatha. Aliyense ayenera kuphunzira kusangalala ndi moyo pano komanso pano.

Funso 3. Kodi ndalama zimasindikizidwa bwanji komanso kuti ku Russia, ndani amachita?

Kupanga mapepala apadera azandalama kumachitika ku 2-s mafakitale omwe ali nthambi "Gosznak"... Amapezeka mu Petersburg ndipo @Alirezatalischioriginal... Kusintha kwa Federal State Unitary Enterprise kunachitika posachedwa. Ngakhale izi, zikupitilizabe kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma.

Pakusindikiza ndalama zamabanki, matekinoloje apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwateteza kuti asatengere. Kupanga kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zovuta zomwe zimakhudza mabungwe ambiri.

Maziko ake adapangidwa pamakampani a Krasnokamsk ndi St. Petersburg, akuphatikizapo:

reagents;
ulusi wa nsalu;
zipsera zamadzi;
ulusi polima.

Zinthu zoterezi zimagonjetsedwa ndi chinyezi komanso cheza cha ultraviolet. Kuphatikiza apo, amatetezedwa mosamala ku zabodza.

Yankho lapadera limaphatikizidwanso pazinthuzo. Mukayang'ana ndi maso, pepalali utoto wofiirira... Komabe, pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumawoneka chofiira ndipo wobiriwira mithunzi mu ulusi.

Ma roll am'munsi omaliza amatumizidwa ku zopangira "Gosznak"... Ndalama zimasindikizidwa pamakina apadera ophatikizika.

Poterepa, mitundu ingapo yosindikiza imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

kuchepetsa - polemba zolemba pamankhwala ndi kanema womwe umateteza ku chinyezi;
mkulu - Yopangidwira zojambula zingapo ndi manambala;
Orlovskaya imayimira kutsetsereka kwa utoto m'mafomu ndikutulutsa pang'onopang'ono pamunsi, chifukwa chake kusintha kosalala kumayang'ana;
chitsulo zofunikira pakujambula ndondomeko yolondola.

Ku Russia mapepala osindikizira amasindikizidwa 3-s mafakitale akuluakulu. Imodzi ili mkati Chilolezondi awiri mkati Moscow... Ndiwo nthambi za Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Gosznak", yomwe ili ku Moscow. Mafakitale asanayambe kusindikiza ngongole, antchito ambiri akugwira ntchitoyi:

ojambula;
ojambula;
okonza;
akulemba;
akalulu;
osindikiza.

Mtundu wopangidwa wa projekiti wavomerezedwa ndi Commission. Pambuyo pake, mtundu wa banknotum umasamutsidwa kuti usindikizidwe.

M'mbuyomu m'nkhaniyi zidatchulidwa kuti mu Ku Perm kuli fakitale yosindikiza, yomwe ndi imodzi mwama bizinesi omwe amasindikizidwa ndalama. Miyambo yakapangidwe kameneka imalemekezedwa kwambiri ngakhale ndi akatswiri odziwika bwino pamakampaniwa.
Fakitoleyo imagwiritsa ntchito akatswiri enieni omwe amapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoteteza kwambiri. Sichimangotenga ndalama za banki zokha, komanso mapasipoti aboma, mabuku osungira ndalama ndi zikalata zina zokhala ndi zikwangwani zoteteza.

Perm ndi Moscow ndi mizinda iwiri yomwe ma banknotes aku Russia amasindikizidwa. Poterepa, zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndizopangidwa ku St. Petersburg ndi Krasnokamsk.

Malo omwe mafakitole amakhala motere:

Mzinda wa Moscow, Danilovsky Val, 1g;
Perm, mseu waukulu wa cosmonauts, 115g.

Akatswiri oyenerera kwambiri amagwira ntchito m'mafakitole amenewa. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo, ndalama zandalama ndizapamwamba kwambiri.

Njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa - mulingo wachitetezo ku zabodza:

kugwiritsa ntchito ma watermark ndi ulusi wazachitetezo pazinthuzo;
kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana posindikiza ma banknotes;
ndalama zonse zamabanki zawerengedwa;
mothandizidwa ndi laser, mabowo apadera amawotcha mawonekedwe achipembedzo.

Komabe, mdziko lathu mulinso ndalama zachitsulo... Amapangidwa ndi timbewu tomwe timapezeka mu Moscow ndipo Petersburg... Chimodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zopanga ndalama zili mumzinda ku Neva.

Makampani opanga zinthu amagwiritsa ntchito kuthekera komwe kumalola kutuluka kwa manambala ofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, zimaganiziridwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zochotsera ndalama m'mabuku (kufufuta ndalama zakutha, zotayika) zimaganiziridwa. Chaka chilichonse amapangidwa 5 ndalama mabiliyoni, 7 madola mabiliyoni ndipo 11 masauzande matani azinthu zosindikizira.

Kuposa pamwamba ↑ chipembedzo chamabuku, kotero chitetezo chovuta kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.

Komabe, mukasindikiza ndalama zamabanki, ndikofunikira kulingalira ndalama moyenera... Ngakhale kuti kupanga kumatha kugwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, chisankho pamiyeso yamabanki oyenerera chimachitika Central Bank of Russia... Choyamba, akatswiri azachuma amachita kuwerengera kovuta, kuwunika momwe chuma chilili ndikuyang'anira kutsatira malamulo adziko.

Ngati pakufunika ndalama, pempholi limatumizidwa ku Perm kuti lipange ndalama zamalonda komanso ku St. Petersburg kuti apange ndalama zachitsulo. Ngati simulingalira kuwerengera kwachuma, Kuchulukitsitsa kwa ndalama kumabweretsa chiwongola dzanja increase.

Kuchulukitsa ndalama kumafunikira kutsika kwa ndalama. Mwanjira ina, mtengo wawo weniweni umakhala wocheperako pang'ono. Mkhalidwe wotere pachuma ndiwowopsa ndipo ungayambitse mavuto. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri amakhala akupanga njira zothandiza zomwe zithandizire kukhazikika kwachuma.

Fakitole ya Moscow, momwe zimasindikizira ndalama zandalama, ndi bizinesi yotetezeka komanso malo aboma ofunika. Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa "Gosznak" lero ndi Trachuk Arkady Vladimirovich.

Funso 4. Kodi ndi malingaliro ati a ndalama omwe alipo?

Mbiri Malingaliro akulu 8 azandalama... Izi zafotokozedwa pansipa.

1) Chiphunzitso chachitsulo cha ndalama (kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1500 mpaka 1700)

Chiphunzitsochi chimati: Mphamvu yogula imadziwika ndi kapangidwe kandalama, mwanjira ina, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Pazifukwa izi, chiphunzitsochi sichizindikira ndalama.

Zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi ndalama zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zapamwamba. Amakhala ndi mtengo wapatali chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizidalira kukula kwa ubale wosinthana.

2) Zodzisankhira (kuyambira zaka za zana la 17 mpaka 18)

Oimira oyamba chiphunzitsochi anali aku BritainJ. BerkeleyndipoJ. Kuyamba... Ochirikiza chiphunzitsochi ndi otsimikiza: mphamvu yogula imangotengera mawonekedwe am'ndalamayo. Zimayimira ndalama zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa banknotipo.

📎 Mwanjira ina, ndalama zandalama ndizachizolowezi, kutanthauza kuti, zizindikiritso zokha. Kufunika kwawo sikudalira zakuthupi.

Chiphunzitsochi chimachokera pamawu awa:

ndalama zimapangidwa ndi boma;
Mtengo umafanana ndi mtengo wamaso.

Cholakwika chofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi mawu akuti: mtengo wa ndalama umatsimikiziridwa ndi boma. Chidaliro choterechi chimakana kufunikira kwa ndalama, komanso lingaliro lakugwira ntchito.

Kukula kotsatira kunagwera nthawi kuyambira kumapeto XIX asanayambe Zaka XX zaka zana limodzi. Woimira wotchuka kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha nthawi ino ndi G. Knapp... Amakhulupirira kuti ndalama zakhala mphamvu yogula... Katunduyu amaperekedwa ndi boma.

Kusintha kwa malingaliro panthawiyi ndi motere: Knapp adayikapo ndalama zake osati ndalama zonse, koma ndalama zamapepala. Koma pofufuza momwe ndalama zimapezekera, amangoganizira zolemba zamaboma zokha komanso tchipisi. Knapp sanathenso kutulutsa ndalama pangongole zake. Potsirizira pake, pamene mtundu uwu wa ndalama umayamba, lingalirolo lidayamba chosakhulupirika.

Kudzisankhira kunali kofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro azachuma aku Germany. Kutulutsa mpweya kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito pano, makamaka pazolinga za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Pamapeto pake kuchuluka kwa mitengo mdziko muno, zomwe zidadziwika mu 1920zaka, zidatsogolera kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wazosankha.

Masiku ano, akatswiri azachuma sagwirizana ndi mfundo zoyambirira za Knapp. Kupitiliza kukana kufunika kwa ntchito, adayamba kufunafuna njira zowerengera mtengo wa ndalama, osati m'malamulo aboma, koma pankhani yamaubale.

3) Kuchuluka (kumapeto kwa XVII - koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII)

Chiphunzitsochi chimanena kuti mphamvu yogula komanso mitengo yamitengo imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikuzungulira... Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, chiphunzitsochi chinasintha, ndikukhazikitsa maziko azachuma munthawi zachuma.

4) Kuchita Ndalama

Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, ndalama zomwe zimafalitsidwa ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikika, komanso pakusintha kwachuma pamsika.

Woyambitsa chiphunzitsochi anali M. Friedmanamene adalenga 50zaka Zaka XX zaka zana limodzi. Kukula kwakukulu kwa chitukuko cha monetarism inali lingaliro lamaphunziro lakukwaniritsa bata lazachuma ku America, lotchedwa Reaganomics... Zathandizira kuchepetsa kutsika kwa mitengo ku America komanso kulimbitsa dola.

5) Chikhulupiriro

Chikhulupiriro imayang'ana momwe ndalama zilili potengera momwe zimakhudzira kupanga. Woyambitsa chiphunzitsochi Zowona - Wachuma wachingerezi. Zinayambira kumapeto 1920-x - kuyamba 1930-s. Kuthamanga kwa kufalikira kumawunikiridwa ngati kosintha komwe kumasintha malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma.

6) Zogwira ntchito

Lingaliro logwira ntchito imasanthula mphamvu yogula chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndiye kuti, kufalitsa kwawo. Chiphunzitsochi chimathandizira kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zachitsulo zazitsulo ndizochepa pokhudzana ndi magwiridwe antchito awo ngati njira yosinthana.

7) State

Chiphunzitsochi chimachokera pa mawu akuti boma silimangotenga ndalama zokha, komanso kuwapatsa mphamvu zolipira.Chiphunzitsochi chimangoganizira zalamulo zokhazokha, zomwe zimakana tanthauzo lililonse pazosungunuka zazitsulo.

Ochirikiza chiphunzitsochi amakhulupirira kuti ndalama zamapepala sizoyipa kuposa ndalama zachitsulo. Poterepa, chofunikira kwambiri pakuwona lingaliro lomwe likuganiziridwa ndi ntchito ya ndalama ngati njira yolipirira. Ntchito ngati muyeso wamtengo, kudzikundikira, ndi ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi siziganiziridwa.

8) Zambiri

Apa ndalama zimaperekedwa ngati mtundu wazidziwitso zamtengo wapatali womwe umakhudzana ndi mitundu ina yazofalitsa, yomwe ndi pepala, komanso njira zamagetsi.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi, omwe adanyamula ndalama anali:

munthawi yaulimi yachitukuko cha anthu - zitsulo zamtengo wapatali;
mu mafakitale - matenthedwe pepala;
munthawi yazidziwitso zamakono - zamagetsi.

Nthawi yomweyo, zochitika zachuma zimawoneka ngati zazidziwitso.

Funso 5. Kodi ndalama za Bitcoin (Bitcoin) ndi ziti?

Zotsatira inakhala mbiri yakale ya cryptocurrency yoyamba. Ndalama zamtunduwu zidapangidwa mu 2009 chaka Satoshi Nakamoto... Palibe amene akudziwa kuti uyu ndi ndani - wolemba mapulogalamu kapena gulu la iwo. Anali Satoshi Nakamoto yemwe samangotchula dzina la Bitcoin, komanso kusinthika konse kwa ndalama iyi. Takambirana kale za zomwe cryptocurrency ili m'mawu osavuta mu imodzi mwazolemba zathu.

Tikukulangizaninso kuti muwonere kanema - "Bitcoin ndi chiyani ndipo ndi chiyani":

Zowona, anthu amakakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa ndalama m'miyoyo yawo. Sangachite popanda iwo. Mosiyana ndi njirayi, palibe amene amakakamiza aliyense kuti azilipira ndi ma bitcoins. Ma cryptocurrencies asankha mwaulere anthu aulere.

Mamembala onse a netiweki ali ndi ufulu kuchita zochitika nthawi yomweyo. Poterepa, palibe chifukwa chofunsira thandizo kwa nkhoswe. Mwanjira ina, ndalama zimasamutsidwa pakati pazogulitsa zamalonda mwachindunji.

Ndalama mumachitidwe a Bitcoin zimapangidwa mwapadera manambala achinsinsi... Kuphatikiza apo, onse ndiopadera. Ma algorithm a network adakhazikitsidwa ndiukadaulo wa blockchain.

Monga ndalama zina zilizonse, Bitcoin ali nayo kumene... Mutha kudziwa zamtengo wapatali pa blockchain.com.

Ma Bitcoins atsopano akupangidwa pochita izi migodi, yomwe imatchedwanso migodi ya cryptocurrency. Chofunika cha njirayi ndi kuthetsa vuto la crypto pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda nzeru.

Kompyuta wamba sioyenera migodi. Pachifukwa ichi, ma seva kapena zida zina zopambana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chakuti maukonde a Bitcoin akukulirakulira kwambiri, migodi yakhala njira yovuta kwambiri yomwe ndi yovuta kwa anthu masiku ano.

Komabe, pali njira zina zopezera Bitcoin kuti mugwiritse ntchito:

kulipira katundu wogulitsidwa ndi ntchito zomwe zaperekedwa;
kugula kwa cryptocurrency posinthana;
kusinthana pakati pa anthu.

Chosavuta chachikulu (-) Bitcoin amatchedwa kuti mphamvu pamachitidwe ake osiyanasiyana. Zowonjezera zazikulu komanso zocheperako pamtengo wa cryptocurrency zachitika mothandizidwa ndi maboma amitundu zosiyanasiyana.

Kusasinthasintha kwapamwamba Zitha kukhala zosasangalatsa kwakanthawi kochepa. Mwezi umodzi wokha, ndalamazo zitha kugwa ↓ zoposa 10%. Koma palinso kuthekera ndipo kukula ↑ ndi kuchuluka komweko.
Koma, ngati kusakhazikika kwa Bitcoin kuli kochepera ↓, sikungakhale kokongola kwenikweni kwa osunga ndalama.

Ngakhale Bitcoin ili kale pafupi 10 zaka, ambiri samamvetsetsa komwe mungagwiritse ntchito. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga osadziwika kulipira kwa katundu ndi ntchito pa intaneti... Komanso, popanda mavuto aliwonse ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito, mutha kupanga malipiro apadziko lonse lapansi, popeza ndalama za cryptocurrency sizilumikizana ndi boma lililonse.

Pali njira zingapo zosungira Bitcoin:

Mu chikwama chapaintaneti, yomwe ndi pulogalamu yapadera yoyikidwa pakompyuta. Pofuna kupewa chilolezo chololeza ndalama zosungidwa mchikwama chotere, chimasungidwa. Koma njirayi ili ndi vuto lalikulu zofooka - ngati mwini chikwama waiwala mawu achinsinsi kapena hard drive pakompyuta yatayika, mwayi wopezeka ku Bitcoins udzatayika kwamuyaya.
Chikwama cha cryptocurrency pa intaneti.Njirayi ili ndi nambala ubwino pamaso pa mwayi olumikizidwa ku makina. Poterepa, mwayi wopeza ndalama ungapezeke pachida chilichonse chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Koma palinso kuipa - Zambiri zimasungidwa pa seva. Ngati owukira atha kuphwanya izi, apeza mwayi wopeza zonse.

☝ Tikukulangizaninso kuti muwerenge nkhani yathu "Bitcoin: ndi chiyani m'mawu osavuta".

Popanda kuphunzira malingaliro azandalama, ndizosatheka kuyamba kukweza luso lazophunzira zachuma. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino zoyambira kuti mupitirize molimba mtima kudziwa zambiri.

Timalimbikitsa kuwonera kanema komwe mungapeze ndalama:

Komanso momwe mungasungire ndikuwapulumutsa molondola:

Gulu la malingaliro a Life likufuna kuti owerenga onse azisintha nthawi zonse! Izi zidzakuthandizani kuchita bwino komanso kudziyimira pawokha pazachuma.

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