Ajanta, India - zinsinsi za nyumba zogona m'mapanga

Mapanga a Ajanta ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa komanso zosangalatsa ku India. Kupezeka mwangozi m'zaka za zana la 19, sanaulule zinsinsi zawo zonse kudziko lapansi. Mazana a zikwi za alendo amabwera kuno chaka chilichonse, omwe amalankhula za mphamvu zamphamvu zamalo ano.

Zina zambiri

Ajanta ndi nyumba yakale ya amonke achi Buddhist yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Maharashtra. Kupadera kwa malowa ndikuti nyumba zachipembedzo (pali 29 za izo apa) ndizosemedwa pathanthwe pomwepo. Mapanga oyamba adawonekera pano m'zaka za zana loyamba la BC, ndipo omaliza - m'zaka za zana la 17.

Zakale zakale zimakhala pamalo okongola kwambiri, koma osafikika. Mtunda wa tawuni yapafupi ya Kuldabad ndi 36 km.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti pafupi ndi mapanga a Ajanta pali Ellora - malo ena obisika amonke.

Zolemba zakale

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nyumba ya amonke kunayamba m'zaka za zana loyamba BC. Panthawiyo, amonke amakhala pano, omwe amamanga akachisi atsopano. Komabe, izi zidangokhala mpaka m'zaka za zana la 10-11 - panthawiyo Asilamu adafika kudera lamakono la India, ndipo Chibuda cha India chidaleka kutchuka pakati paomwe akukhalamo (ngakhale lero chikuchitika ndi anthu ochepera 2%). Kachisi wapadera wamphanga adasiyidwa ndikuiwalika kwa zaka 800.

Kukopa kumeneku kunapeza mphepo yake yachiwiri kokha mkati mwa zaka za zana la 19 - asirikali wamba aku England akusaka nyalugwe mwangozi adazindikira kapangidwe kodabwitsa kameneka. Mkati mwa mapangawo, adapeza chithunzi chodabwitsa: zojambula pamakoma ndi mzati, zopusa zamiyala ndi ziboliboli za Buddha.

Kuyambira pamenepo, maulendo a asayansi ndi alendo opita ku Ajanta adayamba. Kafukufuku wowopsa kwambiri ndi ulendowu wa James Ferguson, yemwe adalongosola mafano onse ndikufotokozera dziko lonse lapansi za chikhalidwe cha malowa.

Pambuyo pake, ojambula adapita kumudzi kangapo kuti akajambulenso zina mwazithunzi. Khama lawo lidatha polephera - zojambula zonse zidawotchedwa pazamawonetsero. Anthu am'deralo amakhulupirira kuti uku ndikubwezera kwa milungu chifukwa cholowerera mdziko lawo.

Zinsinsi zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mapanga sizinathetsedwe. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi samamvetsetsa momwe zinthu zapansi panthaka zimaunikira. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amonkewo "adagwira" dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi, koma mtundu uwu sunatsimikizidwebe.

Utoto womwe amonke amagwiritsa ntchito kupenta makoma nawonso umadzutsa mafunso - umawala mumdima, ndipo ngakhale zitatha zaka 800 sizinathe. Asayansi amakono sanathe kudziwa momwe amapangidwira.

Kapangidwe kovuta

Kapangidwe ka Ajanta ku India kali ndi mapanga 29, omwe aliyense amakhala ndi choti awone.

Mapanga Na. 1,2,3

Izi ndi zina mwatsopano kwambiri (12-13th century) ndi mapanga osungidwa bwino ku Ajanta. Mkhalidwe wawo wangwiro wafotokozedwa ndikuti amonke okha ndi omwe anali ndi mwayi pano, ndipo anthu wamba anali ndi ufulu wolowa m'nyumba zoyandikana zokha.

Kupambana kwa gawo ili la kachisiyu kuli pazithunzi zojambulidwa bwino kwambiri zamwala. Mwachitsanzo, pamakoma ena panali chithunzi cha ana pasukulu, ndipo pamakoma oyandikana nawo panali zithunzi za akazi. Apa mutha kuwonanso zithunzi zokongola pamitu yachipembedzo komanso zipilala zazitali zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kachisiyo aziwoneka bwino. Zithunzi zotchuka kwambiri:

• chithunzi cha mfumu yovuta;
• Mfumu Sibi Jataka;
• Vajrapani.

Phanga nambala 4

Ndilo lalikulu kwambiri (970 sq. M.) Ndi phanga lakuya kwambiri ku Ajanta. Pokhala ndi malo opatulika, pakhonde ndi holo yayikulu. Pakatikati pa chipindacho pamakhala Buddha wamwala, ndipo m'mbali mwake muli ziphuphu zakumwamba.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, phangalo limakhala lakuya, koma chivomerezi chitachitika m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, amisiri aku India adakakamizidwa kukweza denga kuti abise mng'alu waukuluwo.

Mapanga nambala 5

Limodzi mwa mapanga osatha a Ajanta. Inayamba kumangidwa m'zaka za zana lachitatu, koma posakhalitsa idasiyidwa. Palibe zojambula ndi ziboliboli pano, koma pali chimango chowongoleredwa ndi zojambula mwaluso.

Mapanga # 6, 7

Iyi ndi nyumba yachifumu yansanjika ziwiri yokhala ndi zithunzi zambiri za Buddha pamakoma ndi kudenga. Imodzi mwa malo opatulika kwambiri, pomwe okhulupirira amabwera kudzapemphera.

Khola nambala 8

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, ili ndiye phanga lakale kwambiri, lomwe nthawi yomweyo limasungidwa bwino. Ili pamalo ozama kwambiri kuposa oyandikana nawo. Apa alendo amatha kuwona chifanizo cha After Thought ndi zojambula zingapo pamiyala. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, olemba mbiri amakhulupirira kuti gawo ili la kachisiyo lidapakidwa utoto wofiyira.

Mapanga Na. 9, 10

Mapanga 9 ndi 10 ndi maholo ang'onoang'ono opempherera, pamakoma omwe chithunzi chapadera chapulumutsidwa: zojambula ndi Buddha, zithunzi za nymphs. Kukongoletsa kwakukulu kwa malowa ndi zipilala zazitali ndi mabwalo okumbidwa.

Mapanga a 11, 12

Awa ndi nyumba zazing'ono ziwiri, zomangidwa mozungulira zaka za 5th-6th. Pali benchi yayitali yamiyala m'chipindacho ndipo zithunzi zosonyeza Buddha ndi amonke zimawoneka pamakoma. Gawo laling'ono la kachisiyo lawonongeka, ndichifukwa chake silimakondedwa kwambiri ndi alendo.

Mapanga 13, 14, 15

Awa ndi nyumba zazing'ono zitatu, zomwe sizinamalizidwe chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Olemba mbiri amati kale kale panali zojambula apa, koma tsopano mutha kuwona makoma opanda kanthu.

Mapanga # 16, 17

Awa ndi mapanga awiri ofufuza kwambiri ku Ajanta. Olemba mbiri akhala zaka zopitilira chimodzi pano, ndipo akuti awa ndiwo malo apakati, chifukwa chake ndizofunikira kwambiri pazovuta. Pali zojambula ndi zojambula zambiri m'zipindazi: chozizwitsa cha Shravasti, loto la Amaya, mbiri ya Trapusha ndi Bhallika, phwando lolima. Pakhoma lamanja mutha kuwona zithunzi za zochitika za moyo wa Buddha.

Khola nambala 18

Ndi phanga laling'ono kwambiri koma lokongola kwambiri lokhala ndi zipilala ndi chipilala. Ntchito yake siyikudziwika bwino.

Khola nambala 19

Chokopa chachikulu mnyumbayi ndi chifanizo cha Naga, chomwe chimateteza Buddha. M'mbuyomu, malinga ndi asayansi, mandala ndi zithunzi za Yaksha zimatha kuwonanso pano. Pakhomo la gawo ili la kachisiyu adakongoletsa kwambiri maluwa ndi zithunzi zosemedwa za milungu.

Mapanga Na. 20-25

Awa ndi mapanga ang'onoang'ono, amodzi mwamapeto omangidwa. Amonke ankakhala ndikugwira ntchito m'mbali imeneyi; nthawi ndi nthawi, malowa anali malo opatulika. Zipinda zina zinali ndi chipinda chapamwamba ndi zipinda.

Akaidi adakongoletsedwa motere:

• zithunzi za maluwa pamakoma:
• zojambulajambula ndi Buddha;
• Zolemba zachiSanskrit;
• zokongoletsera zosema pamakoma ndi kudenga.

Khola nambala 26

Phanga nambala 26 ndi malo olambirira Buddha komanso mapemphero ataliatali. Ziboliboli m'gawo lino lazovuta ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zotsogola. Chifukwa chake, apa mutha kuwona Mahaparinirvana (Buddha wotsamira), ndipo pamapazi pake - zithunzi za ana aamuna a Maria. Pakatikati pa apse pali stupa chosemedwa pamwala. Pakhoma la kachisiyo pali zolemba zambiri ku Sanskrit.

Mapanga # 27-2929

Mapanga 27, 28 ndi 29 palimodzi anali nyumba ya amonke yaying'ono koma yomwe imakonda kuchezeredwa pafupipafupi. Palibe zokongoletsa pano, chifukwa chake alendo samakonda kugwa m'chigawo chino cha Ajanta.

Momwe mungafikire kumeneko

Pa basi

Pali mabasi wamba opita kumudzi wa Ajanta kuchokera mumzinda wa Aurangabad (mtunda - 90 km). Nthawi yoyendera idzakhala yochepera maola atatu. Mtengo wamatikiti ndi ma rupee 30.

Mutha kukafika ku Aurangabad palokha kuchokera mumzinda uliwonse waukulu ku India pa sitima kapena basi.

Pa taxi

Kuyenda pa taxi ku India kumakhala kosavuta komanso kwachangu. Chinthu chachikulu ndichakuti woyendetsa taxi amadziwa njirayo ndendende. Mtengo kuchokera ku Aurangabad - ma rupee 600-800.

Zambiri zothandiza

Kumalo: Ajanta Caves Road, Ajanta 431001, India.

Maola ogwira ntchito: 08.00 - 19.00, Lolemba - tsiku lopuma.

Malipiro olowera: ma rupie 250 - akunja, 10 - kwa anthu am'deralo. Muthanso kugula tikiti imodzi kuti mupite ku Ajanta ndi Ellora ku India pamtengo wa 350.

Mitengo patsamba ili ndi ya October 2019.

Yerekezerani mitengo ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito Fomu iyi

Malangizo Othandiza

1. Ma matepi akhazikitsidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a Ajanta complex, komwe madzi apampopi amayenda.

2. M'makachisi obisika okhala ndi zithunzi zokongola kwambiri, kuyatsa kumakhala kotsika, kotero alendo amalimbikitsa kuti mutenge tochi kuti muwone zambiri.
3. Konzani ulendo wanu nyengo yotentha, koma osati yotentha - malowa ndi osangalatsa, koma dzuwa likapsa, simudzatha kuyendera chilichonse. Komanso, musabwere kuno madzulo - masana miyala imatentha kwambiri.
4. Musanalowe m'kachisi wamphanga wa Ajanta, muyenera kuvula nsapato.
5. Kujambula pang'onopang'ono sikuletsedwa m'ma temple.
6. Popeza msewu wopita ku Ajanta ndiwotalika, alendo amalangizidwa kuti apite ndi oyendetsa maulendo, kapena akalembetse wowatsogolera ku India pawokha (anthu ambiri amadziwa zilankhulo zingapo).

Mapanga a Ajanta ndi amodzi mwamalo mwamphamvu kwambiri ku India.

Mapanga a Ajanta - chodabwitsa chachisanu ndi chitatu cha dziko lapansi:

Onerani kanemayo: IndiaAurangabadAjanta Caves Part 50 (Mulole 2024).