Chigwa cha Mafumu - ulendo wopita ku necropolis waku Egypt wakale

Ngati muli ndi mwayi wokhala ku Egypt, muvomereza kuti kuno, kutali ndi mzinda wa Luxor, kuli necropolis yayikulu - Chigwa cha Mafumu. Kwa zaka mazana asanu, nzika zakomweko zidayikirako olamulira akale aku Egypt kuno. Malinga ndi alendo ambiri, malowa akuyenera kusamalidwa.

Chithunzi: Valley of the Kings, Egypt

Zina zambiri

Lero, Chigwa cha Mafumu ku Egypt chili ndi manda pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri, ena asemedwa mumwala, ndipo ena akuya mamita zana. Kuti mukafike komwe mukupita - chipinda chamanda, muyenera kudutsa mumphangayo kutalika kwa mita 200. Manda akale omwe adalipo mpaka lero amatsimikizira kuti mafarao anali okonzekera bwino imfa yawo. Manda aliwonse ndi zipinda zingapo, makomawo amakongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi za moyo wa wolamulira waku Egypt. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Chigwa cha Mafumu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zokopa kwambiri ku Egypt.

Kuyika maliro apa kunachitika kuyambira 16th mpaka 11th century BC. Kwa zaka mazana asanu, Mzinda wa Akufa udawonekera m'mbali mwa Nile. Ndipo lero ku gawo ili la Egypt kufukula kukuchitika, pomwe asayansi apeza maliro atsopano.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! M'manda osiyana, olamulira awiri amapezeka - wotsatila, komanso womutsatira.

Poika maliro, kudasankhidwa dera pafupi ndi mzinda wa Luxor ku Egypt. Chipululu chikuwoneka kuti chidapangidwa mwachilengedwe kuti chikhale malo onga Chigwa cha Mafumu. Popeza olamulira Aigupto anali m'manda ndi chuma chawo chonse, achifwamba nthawi zambiri amabwera ku Mzinda wa Akufa, komanso, mizinda yonse idawonekera ku Egypt, nzika zake zomwe zimachita malonda akuba m'manda.

Ulendo wammbiri

Lingaliro lokonzekera manda osati mkachisi, koma kumalo ena ndi a Farao Thutmose. Chifukwa chake, amafuna kuteteza chuma chomwe anasonkhanitsa kwa achifwamba. Chigwa cha Thebes chili pamalo ovuta kufikako, chifukwa chake sizinali zophweka kuti achinyengo abwere kuno. Manda a Thutmose amafanana ndi chitsime, ndipo chipinda chomwe farao adayikidwapo chinali thanthwe. Masitepe otsika adatsogolera kuchipinda chino.

Pambuyo pa Thutmose I, ma farao ena adayamba kuikidwa m'manda malinga ndi chiwembu chomwecho - mobisa kapena mwala, kuphatikiza apo, ma labyrinth ovuta adatsogolera kuchipinda ndi amayi, ndipo misampha yowopsa idayikidwa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Pozungulira sarcophagus ndi mummy, mphatso zamaliro zomwe zimafunika pambuyo pa moyo zimapindidwa.

Zabwino kudziwa! Thutmose ndinali ndi mwana wamkazi, Hatshepsut, yemwe anakwatira mchimwene wake, ndipo bambo ake atamwalira adayamba kulamulira ku Egypt. Kachisi woperekedwa kwa iye ali pafupi ndi Luxor. Zambiri pazokopa zikupezeka patsamba lino.

Manda

Chigwa cha Mafumu ku Luxor ndi dera lamapazi ku Egypt lomwe limazungulira kumapeto kwenikweni ngati chilembo "T". Manda otchuka komanso omwe amapezeka ndi a Tutankhamun ndi a Ramses II.

Kuti mupite kumalo odziwika bwino ku Egypt, muyenera kugula tikiti yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopita kumanda atatu. Ndi bwino kuchita izi m'nyengo yozizira, chifukwa nthawi yotentha mpweya umafunda mpaka madigiri 50.

Makonzedwe amkati mwa mandawo ali ofanana - masitepe otsika, khonde, kenako masitepe otsika ndi malo oyikirako. Zachidziwikire, m'manda mulibe mitembo, mumangowona zojambula pakhoma.

Zofunika! Mkati mwa manda, ndikoletsedwa kujambula ndi kung'anima, chifukwa utoto, wozolowera mdima kwazaka zambiri, umasokonekera msanga ndikuwala.

Manda otsatirawa ndiosangalatsa kwambiri alendo.

Manda a Ramses II

Awa ndi malo akuluakulu okumbirako miyala, omwe adapezeka mu 1825, koma zofukula zakale zidayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Manda a Ramesses II anali amodzi mwa oyamba kulandidwa, chifukwa amapezeka pakhomo la Chigwa cha Mafumu, kuwonjezera apo, nthawi zambiri amasefukira nthawi yamadzi osefukira.

Pambuyo poyendera koyamba, asayansiwo sanathe kutsegula zitseko za zipinda zina ndikugwiritsa ntchito mandawo ngati nkhokwe. Zinthu zoyambirira zofukulidwa m'mabwinja zidapezeka mu 1995, pomwe wofukula za m'mabwinja Kent Weeks adazindikira ndikuyeretsa zipinda zonse zakuikirako m'manda, momwe munali pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri (malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ana akulu a Ramses I). Pambuyo pake, asayansi adatha kudziwa kuti uwu si manda chabe, popeza mu 2006 zipinda zina 130 zidapezeka. Ntchito yowachotsa idakalipobe.

Zolemba: kachisi wokongola wa Ramses II alinso ku Abu Simbel. Zambiri komanso zosangalatsa za iye zimapezeka m'nkhaniyi.

Manda a Ramses III

Amakhulupirira kuti manda awa adapangidwira kuti aike mwana wamwamuna wa Ramses III, komabe, akatswiri ofukula zakale amakhulupirira kuti chipindacho sichidagwiritsidwe ntchito pazolinga zake. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kusamalizika kwa zipinda zina, komanso kukongoletsa koyipa kwa zipindazo. Ramses IV amayenera kuikidwa pano, koma panthawi ya moyo wake adayamba kumanga manda ake.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Munthawi ya Ufumu wa Byzantine, nyumbayi idkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tchalitchi.

Ngakhale kuti manda amadziwika kalekale, kafukufuku wake adayamba koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Ofukulawo adalipiridwa ndi loya waku America Theodore Davis.

Manda a Ramses VI

Manda awa amadziwika kuti KV9, ndipo olamulira awiri adayikidwa pano - Ramses V ndi Ramses VI. Apa amatenga zolemba zamaliro zomwe zidalembedwa mzaka za New Kingdom. Kupezeka: Book of Caves, Book of Heavenly Cow, Book of Earth, Book of Gates, Amduat.

Alendo oyamba adawonekera kuno kalekale, monga umboni wa zojambula pamiyala. Mabwinjawo adakonzedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Zaka zomwe mandawa adamangidwa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi kuchepa ku Egypt. Izi zimawonetsedwa mu zokongoletsa zamkati - ndizoletsa poyerekeza ndi manda a olamulira ena.

Manda a Tutankhamun

Chodziwika kwambiri ndi manda a Tutankhamun, adapezeka mu 1922. Mtsogoleri wa ulendowu adapeza masitepe, ndime yomwe idasindikizidwa. Mbuye yemwe adalipira pofukula atafika ku Egypt, adakwanitsa kutsegula njira ndikulowa mchipinda choyamba. Mwamwayi, silidalandidwe ndipo idakhalabe momwemo. Pakufukula, asayansi adapeza zinthu zopitilira 5 zikwi, zidakopedwa mosamala, kenako zimatumizidwa ku malo osungira zakale ku Cairo. Mwa zina - sarcophagus wagolide, zodzikongoletsera, chigoba chakufa, mbale, galeta. Sarcophagus yokhala ndi thupi losungidwa la farao inali mchipinda china, momwe zimatha kufika miyezi itatu yokha pambuyo pake.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Asayansi masiku ano sangagwirizane ngati Tutankhamun adayikidwa m'manda mwapadera, chifukwa manda ambiri panthawi yomwe adapezeka adalandidwa.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, amakhulupirira kuti pali zipinda zobisika m'manda a Tutankhamun. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti Nefertiti, yemwe amatchedwa mayi wa Tutankhamun, adayikidwa m'modzi mwa iwo. Komabe, kuyambira 2017, kusaka kwatha, popeza zotsatira za sikani iwonetsa kuti palibe zipinda zachinsinsi pano. Komabe, kafukufuku wamabwinja adakali kuchitika, zatsopano zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha ku Aigupto zikupezeka.

Chifukwa cha kafukufuku, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti Tutankhamun anali ndi chithunzi chomwe sichinali chodziwika kwa mwamuna, kuphatikiza apo, adasuntha ndi ndodo, popeza adavulala kobadwa nako - kusunthika kwa phazi. Tutankhamun adamwalira, asanakule msinkhu (wazaka 19), choyambitsa ndi malungo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! M'manda, zidutswa 300 zidapezeka, zidayikidwa pafupi ndi pharao kuti asamve zovuta poyenda.

Kuphatikiza apo, manda pafupi ndi amayi a Tutankhamun, zidapezekanso ma mmai awiri omwe adatenga mazira - mwina, awa ndi ana aakazi a Farao.

Sarcophagus komwe Tutankhamun adayikidwa anali ndi izi:

• kutalika - 5.11 m;
• m'lifupi - 3.35 m;
• kutalika - 2.75 m;
• kuphimba kulemera - kuposa 1 tani.

Kuchokera mchipinda chino munthu amakhoza kulowa china, chodzaza ndi chuma. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu kuti amenyetse khoma pakati pa chipinda choyamba ndi manda; panthawiyi, zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali ndi zida zankhondo zidapezeka.

Mkati mwa sarcophagus munali chithunzi cha Tutankhamun chophimba. Mu sarcophagus yoyamba, akatswiri adapeza sarcophagus yachiwiri, momwe amayi a farao anali. Chovala chagolide chinaphimba nkhope yake ndi chifuwa chake. Pafupi ndi sarcophagus, asayansi adapeza maluwa ang'onoang'ono owuma. Malinga ndi zomwe amalingalira, adasiyidwa ndi mkazi wa Tutankhamun.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Asayansi apeza kuti mafarao ena adatenga mawonekedwe a Tutankhamun. Anasaina mafano ake ndi mayina awo.

Mu 2019, mandawo adabwezeretsedwanso, makina amakono opumira mpweya adayikidwa mkati, zikwapu zidachotsedwa pazithunzi zomwe zidali pamakoma, kuyatsa kudasinthidwa.

Pezani Mitengo kapena sungani malo alionse ogwiritsira ntchito fomu iyi

Manda a Thutmose III

Idamangidwa molingana ndi pulani yofanana ndi manda aku Egypt, koma pali chinthu china chosazolowereka - khomo lili pamalo okwera, thanthwe. Tsoka ilo, idalandidwa, kokha kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th idatsegulidwanso.

Mandawo amayamba ndikujambula, kutsatiridwa ndi shaft, kenako holo yokhala ndi zipilala, pali njira yopita kumanda, makoma amakongoletsedwa ndi zojambula, zolemba, ndi zithunzi.

Makulidwe:

• kutalika - 76.1 m;
• dera - pafupifupi 311 m2;
• buku - 792.7 m3.

Pamakalata

Manda a Seti I

Awa ndi manda okongola komanso atali kwambiri m'chigwa cha mafumu ku Egypt, kutalika kwake ndi 137.19 m.Mkati mwake muli masitepe 6, maholo okonzedwa ndi zipinda zina zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri, pomwe mamangidwe aku Egypt akuwonetsedwa muulemerero wake wonse. Tsoka ilo, pofika nthawi yotsegulira, mandawo anali atalandidwa kale, ndipo kunalibe mayi mumtsuko la sarcophagus, koma mu 1881 zotsalira za Seti I zidapezeka posungidwa.

Muli zipilala zisanu ndi chimodzi mchipinda choyikirako; ina imayandikana ndi chipinda chino, padenga pomwe zomwe nyenyezi zakuthambo zasungidwa. M'dera lanu muli zipinda zina ziwiri zokhala ndi zithunzi zachipembedzo, magulu a nyenyezi, mapulaneti.

Manda ndi amodzi mwazipembedzo zofunikira kwambiri, zomwe zimawonetsa lingaliro la Aigupto akale zakufa ndi kuthekera kwamoyo pambuyo paimfa.

Ophwanya Manda

Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, anthu ambiri akumaloko agulitsa ndi kubera manda, chifukwa ena mtundu uwu wachita kukhala banja. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa m'manda amodzi munali chuma ndi chuma chambiri momwe mibadwo ingapo yamabanja amodzi imatha kukhalamo.

Zachidziwikire, olamulira akumaloko adayesa munjira iliyonse kuti aletse ndikuletsa kuba, Chigwa cha Mafumu chidatetezedwa ndi asitikali ankhondo, koma zolemba zambiri zimatsimikizira kuti olamulirawo nthawi zambiri amakhala okonza milandu.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Mwa okhalamo munali anthu ambiri omwe amafuna kusunga cholowa chawo, chifukwa chake adatenga mitembo ndi chuma ndikuzitengera kumalo otetezeka. Mwachitsanzo, mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, ndende yapamtunda idapezeka m'mapiri, momwe asayansi adapeza mitembo yopitilira khumi, ndipo adazindikira kuti zabisika.

Yerekezerani mitengo ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito Fomu iyi

Temberero la farao

Kufufuza kwa manda a Farao Tutankhamun kunatenga zaka zisanu, pomwe anthu ambiri adamwalira momvetsa chisoni. Kuyambira pamenepo, temberero la manda lidalumikizidwa ndi mandawo. Ponseponse, anthu opitilira khumi amwalira chifukwa chofukula ndikufufuza. Woyamba kufa anali Lord Carnarvon, yemwe adathandizira kufukula, chifukwa chake chinali chibayo. Panali malingaliro ambiri pazomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa anthu ambiri - bowa wowopsa, radiation, ziphe zosungidwa mu sarcophagus.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Arthur Conan Doyle analinso wokonda temberero la manda.

Kutsatira Lord Carnarvon, katswiri yemwe adalemba X-ray ya amayiwo adamwalira, pomwepo wofukula mabwinja yemwe adatsegula mandawo amwalira, patapita kanthawi mchimwene wa Carnarvon ndi wamkulu yemwe adatsagana ndi zofukulazo adamwalira. Pakufukula ku Egypt, kalonga adalipo, mkazi wake adamupha, ndipo chaka chotsatira kazembe wamkulu wa ku Sudan adaphedwa. Mlembi waumwini wofukula mabwinja Carter, abambo ake, amwalira mwadzidzidzi. Pomaliza pamndandanda wamafa omvetsa chisoni ndi mchimwene wake wa Carnarvon.

Panali malipoti atolankhani zakumwalira kwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo pazofukula, koma kufa kwawo sikukugwirizana ndi temberero la mandawo, popeza onse anali okalamba ndipo, mwina, anafa chifukwa cha chilengedwe. N'zochititsa chidwi, koma kuti temberero silinakhudze wofukula mabwinja wamkulu - Carter. Pambuyo paulendowu, adakhala zaka 16.

Mpaka pano, asayansi sanagwirizanepo - kodi pali temberero la manda, chifukwa kumwalira kotereku ndikodabwitsa.

Zabwino kudziwa! Pafupi ndi Chigwa cha Mafumu pali Chigwa cha Queens, pomwe akazi ndi abale ena adayikidwa m'manda. Manda awo anali ocheperako, kupatula momwe zinthu zimapezekamo.

Maulendo ku Chigwa cha Mafumu

Njira yosavuta yochezera Chigwa cha Mafumu, yomwe idasungidwa kuyambira nthawi yakale ya Aigupto, ndi kugula ulendo wopita ku Hurghada kuchokera kwa woyendera alendo kapena ku hotelo.

Pulogalamu yoyendera ili motere: gulu la alendo amabwera ndi basi kupita ku Mzinda wa Akufa; pali malo okwerera basi pakhomo. Ndizovuta komanso zotopetsa kuyenda pagawo la Chigwa cha Mafumu wapansi, motero sitima yaying'ono imakwera alendo.

Njira ina yochezera zokopekerazo ndikutenga taxi. Poganizira mitengo ya mayendedwe amtunduwu, ndibwino kubwereka galimoto limodzi.

Mtengo waulendo wochokera ku Hurghada ndi ma euro 55 kwa akulu, kwa ana ochepera zaka 10 - 25 euros. Mtengo uwu umaphatikizapo chakudya chamasana, koma muyenera kumwa zakumwa.

Zabwino kudziwa! Monga lamulo, monga gawo laulendo, alendo amapitanso kumalo ena osangalatsa, mwachitsanzo, fakitale yamafuta onunkhira kapena fakitale ya alabaster.

Malangizo othandiza

1. Kujambula kumaloledwa, koma kunja kokha, mkati mwa manda, njirayi singagwiritsidwe ntchito.
2. Tengani chipewa, komanso madzi ambiri, chifukwa kutentha m'chipululu sikutsika pansi pa madigiri 40 m'nyengo yozizira.
3. Sankhani nsapato zabwino, chifukwa muyenera kuyenda mu ngalande.
4. Ndibwino kuti ana ang'onoang'ono komanso anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino akane ulendowu.
5. Chigwa cha Mafumu chili ndi malo okopa alendo omwe ali ndi malo odyera komanso malo ogulitsira zinthu.
6. Samalani - alendo nthawi zambiri amanyengedwa m'masitolo okumbutsa zinthu - munthu amalipira chifanizo cha mwala, ndipo wogulitsa amanyamula chifanizo cha dothi, chomwe chimafuna dongosolo lochepa kwambiri.
7. Pafupi ndi mzinda wa Luxor pali: kachisi wa Medinet Abu wokhala ndi nyumba yachifumu; Karnak temple, yomanga yomwe idachitika kwa zaka zikwi ziwiri; Kachisi wapamwamba wokhala ndi zipilala, ziboliboli, zojambulajambula.

8. Maola otsegulira Chigwa cha Mafumu: munyengo yotentha kuyambira 06-00 mpaka 17-00, m'miyezi yozizira - kuyambira 6-00 mpaka 16-00.
9. Mtengo wamatikiti kwa iwo omwe amabwera okha ndi ma euro khumi. Ngati mukufuna kupita kumanda a Tutankhamun, mudzalipira ma 10 euros ena.

Zomwe zidapezeka zokulirapo m'mabwinja mu Mzinda wa Akufa zidayamba ku 2006 - akatswiri ofukula zakale adapeza manda okhala ndi sarcophagi asanu. Komabe, Chigwa cha Mafumu sichinafufuzidwebe bwino. Chowonadi, pali zinsinsi zambiri, zinsinsi zamatsenga, zomwe akatswiri adzagwirabe ntchito.

Kutulukira kwatsopano m'manda a Tutankhamun:

Onerani kanemayo: A Day At The Pyramids Of Giza (July 2024).