Volcano Kilimanjaro - phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Africa

Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dziko la Africa ku Tanzania, pakati pa mapiri a Serengeti ndi Tsavo, pali phiri la Kilimanjaro, lomwe limapereka dzina ku paki yokhayo yamapiri ku Africa. Kukula kwa phirili kumapikisana ndi anzawo m'maiko ena: Kilimanjaro ndi phiri lachinayi lalitali kwambiri mwa "nsonga zisanu ndi ziwiri". Alibe wofanana ku kontrakitala, chifukwa chake adalandira dzina lakutchulira "denga la Africa". Kuphatikiza apo, Kilimanjaro ndiye phiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi ufulu wokhazikika: tsinde lake ndi 97 km kutalika ndi 64 km mulifupi.

Zina zambiri

Pamwambapa pa phiri la Kilimanjaro muli mapiri atatu omwe anaphulika azaka zosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi. Kutalika kwa phirili ndi mamita 5895, motero sizosadabwitsa kuti kumtunda kwake kuli chipale chofewa chaka chonse. Kuchokera pachilankhulo cha Chiswahili, chomwe ndi chilankhulo chadziko lonse ku Tanzania, mawu oti "kilimanjaro" amatanthauziridwa bwino ngati "phiri lowala". Anthu akumaloko, omwe mwamwambo amakhala kumadera ozungulira phiri la Kilimanjaro ndipo samadziwa matalala, amakhulupirira kuti phirili linali lodzaza ndi siliva.

Mwachilengedwe, Kilimanjaro ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mzere wa equator, komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu m'mapiri kumakonzeratu kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kumawonetsedwa pakukula ndi kukhazikika kwa mitundu yazachilengedwe zam'madera ena. M'malo mwake, kodi Kilimanjaro ndi phiri lophulika kapena latha? Funso ili nthawi zina limakhala lotsutsana, chifukwa gawo laling'ono kwambiri komwe limachokera ku geological nthawi zina limasonyeza zizindikiro za kuphulika kwa mapiri.

Mbali inanso ya Phiri la Kilimanjaro ndikusungunuka mwachangu kwa kapu ya chipale chofewa. Kwa zaka zana zowonera, chivundikiro choyera chatsika ndi 80%, ndipo mzaka makumi asanu zapitazi, phiri laku Africa lataya madzi oundana ambiri. Pali zotsalira za chipale chofewa pamapiri awiri, koma, malinga ndi kulosera kwa akatswiri, atayika kwathunthu pazaka 15 zikubwerazi. Chifukwa chomwe asayansi amati ndikutentha kwadziko. Zithunzi za Phiri la Kilimanjaro kuyambira zaka zosiyanasiyana za mzaka zapitazi zikuwonetseratu kuchepa komanso kuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono kwa madera oyera pamapiri a mapiri.

Flora ndi zinyama

Mapiriwo ali ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ndipo azunguliridwa ndi nkhalango za ku Africa. Zomera ndi nyama zachilengedwe za Tanzania National Park zili ndi mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe, komanso mitundu yapadera komanso yomwe ili pangozi, chifukwa cha malowa.

Gawo lalikulu la phirili, lalitali komanso mulifupi, lili ndi zigawo zonse zamapiri a Africa:

• mbali zakumwera zaphimbidwa ndi mapanga ataliatali okwera mpaka okwera 1 mita pafupifupi pafupifupi pamtunda wokwera kilomita imodzi ndi theka kumpoto kwaphiri;
• nkhalango zamapiri;
• nkhalango zamapiri - kuyambira 1.3 mpaka 2.8 km;
• subalpine madambo oundana;
• Alpine tundra - yotchuka kwambiri ku Africa;
• Chipululu cha Alpine chili pamwamba pa phirili.

Nkhalango zomwe zili pamwamba pa 2,700 m zimaphatikizidwa m'malo otetezedwa a paki. Zomera za phiri la Kilimanjaro zimafunika chidwi. Ndi kwawo kwa mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe yomwe ili kumpoto chakumtunda, komanso mitundu yakale komanso yodabwitsa yazomera. Ichi ndi croton, calendron m'nkhalango kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa phiri (kumtunda kuchokera ku 1500 mpaka 2000 m), cassiporea ikufalikira kwambiri. Pamalo otsetsereka, ocotea (kapena mtengo wa camphor waku East Africa) umakhala wofanana. M'madera omwe ali pamwamba pake pali mitengo ya ferns, yomwe ndi 7 mita kukula kwake.

Phiri la Kilimanjaro lilibe lamba wa nkhalango zamatabwa zansungwi zomwe zimapezeka m'malo ena amapiri ofanana ku Africa. Dera laku subalpine mbali zosiyanasiyana limakutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira a hagenia ndi podocarp. Alpine tundra amasiyana kwambiri pamawonekedwe ake ndi kuchuluka kwa zamoyo. Zomera zomwe zasintha bwino chifukwa cha mapiri ataliatali zilipo pano - heather, immortelle, adenocarpus, thukuta la Kilimanjar, waxweed, African myrsina, komanso zitsamba zambiri zochokera kubanja lolimba la sedge.

Zinyama zakuphulika kwa Kilimanjaro ku Tanzania ndizosiyananso ndipo ndizodabwitsa. Chimodzi ndi theka mitundu ya nyama - pafupifupi 90 a iwo amakhala nkhalango. Izi zikuphatikizapo magulu angapo anyani, mitundu yambiri ya nyama zolusa, agwape, ndi mileme. Chofala kwambiri m'nkhalango: akambuku, anyani, milalang'amba, njati ndi zina.

Njovu mazana awiri zaku Africa zimayenda m'mapiri amadzi amtsinje wa Namwai ndi Tarakiya, nthawi ndi nthawi kukwera kumapiri abwino a Kilimanjar. Kumene nkhalango zimathera, nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya tizilombo. Malo otsetsereka a phiri la Kilimanjaro ladzaza ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 180 ya mbalame, kuphatikizapo: mwanawankhosa wamphongo, kapena chiwombankhanga cha ndevu, ndalama zamtundu umodzi, Hunter's cysticola, mpendadzuwa wa mchira, khwangwala.

Nyengo ya Mount Kilimanjaro

Kukhazikika kwanyengo kwa chilengedwe cha Kilimanjaro ku Africa kumawonekeranso m'maulamuliro azanyengo komanso nyengo. Nyengo yamvula yafotokozedwa bwino pano, nyengo imasintha, kutentha kumasinthasintha kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana, kutengera nthawi yamasana. Pansi pa phiri, 28-30 ° С ndizofanana, ndipo kuyambira pa zikwi zitatu mita ndi pamwambapa, chisanu mpaka -15 ° С ndichizolowezi. Madera otsetsereka a phirili amadziwika ndi nyengo zokhazikika.

• Nkhalango yamvula imadziwika ndi malo ofunda komanso achinyezi. Pali zobiriwira zambiri pano, ndipo mpweya umafunda mpaka 25 ° C masana (pafupifupi 15 ° C).
• Tundra yamapiri ku Africa ilibe chinyezi, ndipo kutentha kumachepa pang'ono.
• Chipululu cha Alpine chimakondweretsa okonda nyengo yozizira ndimatenthedwe oyambilira, ngakhale masana kutentha kumakhala bwino m'malo awa.

• Madzi oundana a pamwamba pa phiri la Kilimanjaro ku Tanzania amatentha pafupifupi -6 ° C. Mphepo zozizira zimalamulira pano, ndipo chisanu chimatha kufikira -20 ° C usiku.

Nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, kutengera kutsetsereka komanso kutalika, kumakhala mitambo yambiri, kuwonjezeka kapena kugwa kwamvumbi, ndi mabingu. Zonsezi zimakhudza kuwonekera komanso chitonthozo chokhala m'malo otsetsereka - phiri la Kilimanjaro ku Africa ndi malo okondedwa kwambiri okwera mapiri ake okongola.

Kukwera Phiri la Kilimanjaro

Amakhulupirira kuti nsonga za Phiri la Kilimanjaro ku Tanzania zimatha kupezeka chaka chonse. Komabe, pali nthawi zina zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kukwera, zovuta komanso zowopsa. Nthawi zoyenerera kwambiri kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala ndi Januware mpaka Januware. Pakadali pano, nyengo ndiyabwino kwambiri, ndipo miyezi imagwirizana ndi chilimwe kapena tchuthi cha Chaka Chatsopano cha alendo. Maulendo akumapiri ku Tanzania amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana kumapazi. Nthawi zambiri amatha masiku 5 mpaka 8.

Njirazo ndizosiyana chifukwa chakukula kwa madera owoloka, kudziwa kusiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe am'madera aliwonse anyengo. Maulendo opita kumalo okwera kwambiri a mapiri amathera panthawi yomwe akuwona kutuluka kwa dzuwa, pambuyo pake ulendo wobwerera ukuyamba. Pali njira 6 zonse, makamaka mayina amizinda yomwe amachokera:

• Marangu;
• Rongai;
• Umbwe;
• Machame;
• Lemosho;
• kumpoto kudutsa.

Ulendo wopita kuchigwacho umaperekedwa ngati njira ina.

Maulendo okwera maulendo ku Tanzania samachitika okha. Phiri lililonse ndiyeso lalikulu kwa okwera, ngakhale atakhala zaka zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kuti mugonjetse phirili, mufunika zida ndi zida zapadera, zomwe kulemera kwake kumakhala bwino kugawana ndi wina aliyense. Ngakhale kukwera phirili ndikotheka kuchokera ku Kenya (kumpoto kwa malo otsetsereka) ndi Tanzania, mogwirizana pakati pa mayiko, njira zokhazokha za Tanzania ndizomwe zidayikidwa ndikusamalidwa. Malo otsetsereka aku Kenya alibe zida zoyenera.

Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zonse ndi zopinga zomwe zikupita kukapambana msonkhanowu, ndikofunikira kutsatira zofunikira.

• Kutenga nawo gawo kovomerezeka kwa owongolera ndi othandizira (osachepera anthu 1-2), popanda iwo sikutheka kukwera.
• Zipangizo zoyenera, nsapato zapadera, zovala zamkati (mwina zopitilira imodzi), zotchingira komanso zosalowa madzi.
• Kukhala ndi thanzi lokwanira, thupi lolimba, chitetezo chokwanira, kudalirika kwa thanzi, kugawa mphamvu ndi mphamvu.

Kuphatikiza apo, mudzafunika chakudya, zinthu zaukhondo, zinthu zowonetsetsa kuti mutonthozeka. Mndandanda wathunthu wazofunikira pakukwera ukuperekedwa patsamba la kampani yomwe ikukonzekera maulendo ku Tanzania. Palinso mndandanda wazinthu zovomerezeka zomwe zili zofunika, koma zosafunikira. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala ndi, kuphatikiza pa zovala ndi zinthu zotentha, chikwama chogona, magalasi a magalasi, nyali yamutu, timitengo totsikira, botolo lamadzi. Kuphatikiza pa izi, kampani yomwe ikukonzekera nthawi zambiri imapereka hema, mphasa wamisasa, mbale, ndi mipando yamisasa.

Mtengo woyerekeza umadalira njira, kutalika kwa kukwera, kuchuluka kwa anthu mgululi, pazokambirana mosiyana. Ndalama zimayambira ku USD 1,350 (njira ya Marangu, masiku 8) ndikupita ku USD 4265 (njira ya munthu m'modzi ndiulendo wopita kuchigwacho). Nthawi yomweyo, munthu akuyeneranso kuganizira komwe Phiri la Kilimanjaro lili - ntchito ya kampaniyo ingaphatikizepo kuchoka ku eyapoti ya Tanzania kapena muyenera kupita komweko.

Pezani Mitengo kapena sungani malo alionse ogwiritsira ntchito fomu iyi

Zina zosangalatsa

1. Poyerekeza ndi nsonga zina zamapiri, Phiri la Kilimanjaro silikuwoneka ngati chopinga chosagonjetseka, komabe, ndi 40% yokha ya okwera omwe amafika pamwamba pake.
2. Phirili siligonjetsedwa kokha ndi alendo athanzi: mu 2009, okwera 8 akhungu adatha kukwera pamwamba pake, omwe, ndi zomwe adachita, adathandizira kupeza ndalama za ana 52 akhungu.
3. Wokwera wakale kwambiri ku Kilimanjaro anali wazaka 87.
4. Chaka chilichonse pafupifupi anthu zikwi 20 amayesa kukwera phirili.
5. Pafupifupi anthu 10 amaphedwa pano chaka chilichonse pokwera.

Phiri la Kilimanjaro si park yachilengedwe yokha yodzaza ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa, komanso malo osangalatsa. Ndipo kuti mumve kutengeka mtima, kuti mukhale mwini wake wosaiwalika, kukhudza ukulu wa Africa - chifukwa cha izi muyenera kupita ku Tanzania ndikuwonetsetsa nokha za zomwe sizingafanane ndi Kilimanjaro.

Onerani kanemayo: CLIMBING MOUNT KILIMANJARO (July 2024).