Kodi magawo a beet akukula ndi ati? Sayansi yolima masamba

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Shuga beet ndi wazaka ziwiri wazu masamba. Shuga, molasses amachokera kuzipatso, ndipo amakhala ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Beets ali ndi zakudya zambiri komanso shuga. Alimi amabzala masamba ku bizinesi, wamaluwa pazosowa zawo.

Mukamabzala mbewu muzu, zofunikira zina zofunika, chisamaliro choyenera cha mbande, chitetezo ku tizirombo ndi matenda. Tikukuwuzani mwatsatanetsatane momwe mungapezere zokolola zabwino komanso zopatsa thanzi.

Zokolola kuchokera pa hekitala imodzi

Zokolola zimakhudzidwa ndi nyengo ndi chinyezi cha nthaka. Sungani:

pafupifupi 40 t / ha;
ndi chinyezi chokwanira kuchokera pa 80 mpaka 90 t / ha;
mbiri yapadziko lonse 196.7 t / ha.

M'madera ouma opanda kuthirira, zokolola zidzatsika pansi pa 20-25t / ha.

Momwe mungakulire: ukadaulo wokula

Kukula beets ndi nthawi yowononga nthawi... Pofesa, konzani nthaka masika kapena nthawi yophukira. Za ichi:

M'dzinja, feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthaka imalimidwa mpaka masentimita 30, ndipo namsongole amasankhidwa. Ganizirani zamtsogolo.
Masika, amang'amba ndikukula mpaka masentimita 8.
Mbeu zaviikidwa m'madzi ofunda usiku wonse.
Mizere imapangidwira kubzala pamtunda wa masentimita 50 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kutentha kwamlengalenga +8 madigiri - madigiri 12 ndi kutentha kwa nthaka madigiri +6, mbewu zimabzalidwa mozama masentimita 5.
Pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chimodzi mutabzala, chiwembucho chikuwonongeka.
Mphukira zoyamba zikaonekera, dothi limamasulidwa mpaka kuzama kwa masentimita 5-7.
Mbande ndi thinned kunja. Siyani zomera zolimba.
Nthaka imamasulidwa nthawi ndi nthawi komanso kuthiriridwa.
Kukolola.
Analonjeza kusungidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu bizinesi.

Mapu aukadaulo olima kwambiri (tebulo):

https://vuzlit.ru/342751/tehnologicheskaya_karta_vozdelyvaniya_saharnoy_svyokly.

Mtengo wa mbewu ndimakampani ati omwe amagulidwa?

Ku Moscow, mbewu zimagulidwa kumakampani:

Sitolo yapaintaneti "Online.semenasad.ru": ma ruble 1050 / pa 1 kg; Opaka 85 / kwa 100 gr.
LLC "Agrofirmamars": 260 rubles / pa 1 kg.

Ku St. Petersburg, mbewu zimagulidwa m'makampani:

malo ogulitsira pa intaneti "Green Agro": ma ruble 0,80 / 1 g; 40.00 rubles / 50 gr .;
ma e-commerce Center Maofesi: ma ruble 17 / magalamu 4;
unyolo wama hypermarket "Maksidom": ma ruble 15/4 gr.

Nthawi yokwera

Nthawi yabwino yobzala imadalira dera:

matalikidwe apakati - miyezi yamasika;
kumadera otentha ndi kotentha - miyezi yophukira.

Nthawi yabwino yobzala mpaka pakati pa Epulo... Madeti ena obzala samatsimikizira zokolola zomwe mukufuna. Shuga beet mbande zazing'ono zimazindikira chisanu cha usiku. Poterepa, zikulimbikitsidwa kusuntha kufesa.

Kusankha malo abwino kutengera omwe adalipo kale

Malo olakwika amachepetsa zokolola za muzu wokoma. Bzalani pamalo otentha. Mu mthunzi, mizu sichidzalemera. Poganizira zam'mbuyomu, njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira beets ndi dera pambuyo pa chimanga chachisanu. Mitengo ya chaka choyamba kapena ma clovers ayenera kukula patsogolo pawo.

Mbewu za mizu zimabzalidwa m'malo akale patatha zaka zitatu. Njuchi sizimakonda kuyandikira kwa madzi apansi.

Malangizo! Musayembekezere zokolola zabwino pambuyo pake: chimanga, kugwiriridwa, fulakesi, nyemba.

Kodi nthaka iyenera kukhala yotani?

Podzala, dothi lakuda, loamy kapena dothi lamchenga losalowererapo amasankhidwa. Ayenera kukhala opepuka, okhathamira, okhala ndi michere yambiri, opindulitsa ndi feteleza wamtundu ndi mchere. Nthaka yolemera, yodzaza madzi ndi pH yochepera 6% (acidic) siyabwino kulima mbewu za mizu. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yopanda udzu ndi ziphuphu zazikulu.

Kufesa

Mtengo wa mbeu umadalira kamera ndi ukhondo. Kuchuluka kwa kameredwe, mbewu zochepa zimafunika kuti mubzale. Mtengo wobzala umakhudza mtundu wazomera. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwachizolowezi, mizu imaphwanyidwa. Kutsika kwakukulu pamlingo wofesa kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola.
Gome ili likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa magawo a beets omwe amafunikira mdera linalake.

Chikhalidwe	Chiwerengero cha zomera pa 10 m²(PC.)	Chiwerengero cha zomera pa hekitala (ma PC)	Mtengo wokhazikika pa nthaka yotseguka, (g / 10 m²)	Mtengo wokhazikika pa nthaka yotseguka, (kg / ha)
Beet	400-600	400000-600000	10-12	10-12

Mbewu imafesedwa pakuya kwa masentimita 2-3, pamtunda wa masentimita 18-22, kutengera kukula kwa kubzala. Kutalikirana kwa mizere ndi masentimita 45 kapena 50. Kuti pakhale zokolola zochuluka, kachulukidwe kakudzala 80,000 - 100,000 ya mahekitala akulimbikitsidwa. Mulingo wobzala wa beet ndi mbewu 222 zikwi.

Kulima

Msuzi wa shuga umakula bwino m'madera:

nyengo yozungulira;
kotentha;
kotentha.

Kutentha koyenera kwakukula mbewu zamizu:

kumera kwa mbewu 10-12 ° C;
kwa zomera 20-22 ° C.

Kutentha kochepa kwa nthaka kumera ndi 3-4 ° C. Kumera kumathamanga ndi kutentha kowonjezeka.

Mphukira zazing'ono zimakonda chisanu. Kutentha kozizira kumawonjezeka ndikutuluka kwamasamba oyamba.

Mbewu zamizu sizimakonda madzi... Mizu yayitali imagwiritsa ntchito chinyezi chadothi chomwe chimasonkhanitsidwa nthawi yadzinja ndi nthawi yozizira. Zakudya zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi shuga zimakhudzidwa ndi masiku owala mu Ogasiti - Okutobala. Nthawi yowala imathandizira kukula.

Kuthirira

Musanafese, nthaka imathiriridwa kuti mbeu imere. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumalepheretsa kukula kwa mizu komanso kudzikundikira kwa shuga. Mvula yamphamvu imawononga mbewuyo. Chomeracho chimafuna pafupifupi 25 m3 pa hekitala lamadzi nthawi yokula, 40 m3 pa hekitala nthawi yayitali. Kuthirira kumatengera mtundu wa nthaka ndi nyengo:

dothi lotayirira limanyowetsedwa kawiri pamlungu;
nthaka yolemera - kamodzi pa sabata.

Kutonthoza kumayimitsidwa milungu iwiri kapena inayi isanakwane nthawi yokolola. Kuthirira pang'ono kumaloledwa kuti athandize kumasulidwa kwa masamba panthaka nthawi yokolola.

Zovala zapamwamba

Shuga beets akufuna pa nthaka... Zimatengera zakudya zambiri kuchokera ku feteleza. Kuti tikhale ndi zokolola zambiri, manyowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa beets komanso m'nyengo yachisanu yomwe idalipo. Woyamba 10-15 patatha masiku kumera ambiri amadya mchere.

Feteleza ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka yophukira (10 - 20 kg / ha). Zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndizofunikira popanga mizu.
Nayitrogeni imawonjezeredwa m'nthaka pang'ono pang'ono mchaka chisanafike (90-100 kg / ha).

Lemberani:

laimu-ammonium nitrate;
calcium nitrogen sulphate ndi nayitrogeni sulphate.

Kuchiza kwa nthaka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Kukonzekera kumasankhidwa kutengera nyengo ndi chinyezi cha nthaka. Ikani musanafese. Ubwino wa nthaka umakhudza zotsatira za kukonza. Ngakhale kugawa mankhwalawo, mavyu akulu a dziko lapansi aphwanyidwa.

Amathandizidwa ndi namsongole, poganizira zofunikira:

nthawi - m'mawa kapena madzulo;
namsongole ayenera kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko;
kutentha kwa mpweya pafupifupi madigiri 20 C;
Palibe mpweya pafupifupi maola 6 mutalandira chithandizo.

Mankhwala odziwika bwino ndi awa:

Betanal;
Lontrel;
Shogun.

Zofunika! Kumbukirani kuteteza zachilengedwe. Onetsetsani kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Aletseni kuti asalowe m'madzi onyansa ndi m'madzi.

Njira zina zosamalira masamba

Beets si spud... Gawo lake lakumtunda limakwera pamwamba panthaka, palibe mizu pazomera. Njira zosamalira beet ndi monga:

kuvulaza;
kumasula;
kuphimba.

Shuga beet amavutitsidwa pakatha masiku 5-7 mutabzala kapena masiku atatu mphukira isanakwane masentimita 10-12. Kumasula koyamba kumachitika mphukira zoyamba. Masamba 4-5 akawoneka, amasulidwa kachiwiri kuti akuya masentimita 6-8. Kutsegulanso kwina kumachitika pambuyo pothirira ndi mvula.

Mulching imalola:

sungunulani chinyezi cha nthaka;
kuteteza zikumera ku mphepo ndi kukokoloka kwa madzi;
kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa nyongolotsi, zomwe zidzakulitsa nthaka.

Monga mulch, amatenga udzu, womwe udatsalira kuchokera ku tirigu ndi rye chaka chatha. Matani 3-5 a mulch wa udzu amadya pa hekitala imodzi yamderalo.

Kukonza ukadaulo

Mbewu zamizu zimakula kwa miyezi itatu... Kukolola kumachitika mu Seputembara nyengo youma. Beets kucha ali ndi nsonga zachikaso. M'madera akulu, makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokolola, m'malo ang'onoang'ono amawonongedwa ndi foloko kapena fosholo, kenako amakoka dzanja. Nsonga zimachotsedwa ndi mpeni, hemp imasiyidwa ndi kutalika kwa theka limodzi ndi theka, malo odulidwawo ndi ophulika ndi phulusa.

Zofunika! Samalani mukamakolola. Masamba owonongeka sangasungidwe kwa nthawi yayitali.

Yosungirako

Mbewu yosankhidwa:

kuchotsedwa padziko lapansi;
zouma padzuwa.

Sungani mbeu yanu pamalo ozizira, podutsa mpweya wabwino. Mbewu za muzu zimatetezedwa ku dzuwa. Ngati mulibe malo oyenera, ndiye kuti masamba amathiridwa mumulu kapena ngalande m'minda, zokutidwa ndi udzu kapena utuchi.

Matenda

Cercosporosis ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za matenda a shuga... Masamba amapiringa ndikuuma chifukwa chosawoneka ngati bulauni kapena imvi. Amapezeka kumadera onse. Amachepetsa shuga mpaka 50% ndikuwononga 70% ya zokolola.

Njira zowongolera:

kuphwanya nthaka ya acidic;
kutsatira kasinthasintha wa mbeu;
kubzala zinthu zabwino.

Pofuna kuteteza beets ku matenda, phulusa la nkhuni ndi boron amawonjezeredwa panthaka. Chifukwa chosowa boron m'nthaka kapena kupezeka kwake pa beets, mizu ndi zophuka zakuda zimapangidwa.

Tizirombo

Tizilombo toyambitsa shuga timayambitsa matendawa. Izi zikuphatikiza:

Zolemba... Mboziyo imaluma zimayambira, imawononga masamba ndi mizu nthawi yotentha.
Aphid... Imayamwa madzi kuchokera masamba achichepere. Amachuluka mofulumira.
Utitiri... Amatafuna masamba.
Ziphuphu... Mphutsi za chikumbu zimawononga mizu yaying'ono ndikupanga zipatso.
Matt Dead Eater... Kamba kachilombo ndi mphutsi zimawononga mbewu zakuda m'madambo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga tizilombo:

mkulu khalidwe makina tillage;
mankhwala mankhwala nthaka ndi zomera.

Shuga beet ndi ndiwo zamasamba zathanzi zomwe zimawonjezera chitetezo chokwanira, kuchepetsa chimbudzi, ndikudzaza mavitamini ndi michere. Koma masamba amakhalanso ndi zotsutsana chifukwa chokhala ndi shuga wambiri. Izi zikugwira ntchito kwa odwala matenda ashuga. Muzu masamba amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.

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