Hagia Sophia: mbiri yosangalatsa ya malo osungirako zinthu zakale ku Istanbul

Hagia Sophia ndi chimodzi mwazipilala zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zidatha kupirira mpaka zaka za zana la 21 ndipo nthawi yomweyo osataya ukulu ndi mphamvu zake zakale, zomwe ndizovuta kufotokoza. Kachisi wamkulu kwambiri ku Byzantium, pambuyo pake adasandulika mzikiti ku Istanbul. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamaofesi ochepa padziko lapansi pomwe, mpaka Julayi 2020, zipembedzo ziwiri zimalumikizana nthawi imodzi - Chisilamu ndi Chikhristu.

Katolika nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chodabwitsa chachisanu ndi chitatu padziko lapansi, ndipo, chifukwa chake, lero ndi amodzi mwamalo omwe amapezeka kwambiri mzindawu. Chipilalachi ndichofunika kwambiri m'mbiri, chifukwa chake chidaphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wazikhalidwe za UNESCO. Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti zojambula zojambulajambula zachikhristu zikhala limodzi ndi zilembo zachiarabu? Nkhani yodabwitsa ya Hagia Sophia Mosque (yomwe kale inali Cathedral) ku Istanbul idzatiuza za izi.

Nkhani yayifupi

Sizinali zotheka nthawi yomweyo kuti amange kachisi wamkulu wa St. Sophia ndikupitiliza kupitiriza nthawi yake. Mipingo iwiri yoyambirira, yomwe idamangidwa pamalo a kachisi wamakonoyu, idangoyimira zaka makumi ochepa chabe, ndipo nyumba zonse ziwiri zidawonongedwa ndi moto waukulu. Cathedral yachitatu idayamba kumangidwanso m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mkati mwa ulamuliro wa mfumu ya Byzantine Justinian I. Anthu opitilira 10 zikwi adatenga nawo gawo pomanga nyumbayo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wokhala ndi kachisi wamtengo wapatali chonchi mzaka zisanu zokha. Hagia Sophia ku Constantinople kwa mileniamu yonse adakhalabe mpingo wachikhristu waukulu mu Ufumu wa Byzantine.

Mu 1453, Sultan Mehmed Mgonjetsi anaukira likulu la Byzantium naligonjetsa, koma sanawononge tchalitchi chachikulu. Wolamulira wa Ottoman adachita chidwi ndi kukongola ndi kukula kwa tchalitchicho kotero adaganiza zosandutsa mzikiti. Chifukwa chake, ma minaret adawonjezeredwa ku tchalitchi choyambacho, adadzatchedwa Aya Sofya ndipo kwa zaka 500 adakhala mzikiti waukulu mumzinda ku Ottoman. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pambuyo pake, akatswiri opanga mapulani a Ottoman adatenga Hagia Sophia ngati chitsanzo pomanga akachisi odziwika achi Islam monga Suleymaniye ndi Blue Mosque ku Istanbul. Kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa omaliza, onani tsamba ili.

Pambuyo pakupatukana kwa Ufumu wa Ottoman ndikubwera ku mphamvu kwa Ataturk, ntchito idayambanso kukonzanso zojambula zachikhristu ku Hagia Sophia, ndipo mu 1934 zidapatsidwa malo oyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale komanso chipilala cha zomangamanga za Byzantine, chomwe chidakhala chizindikiro cha kukhalapo kwa zipembedzo ziwiri zazikulu. Kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, mabungwe ambiri odziyimira pawokha ku Turkey omwe akuchita ndi nkhani za mbiri yakale adasumira mobwerezabwereza kukhoti kuti abwezeretse mzikiti ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Mpaka Julayi 2020, zinali zoletsedwa kugwira ntchito zachisilamu mkati mwa nyumbayi, ndipo okhulupirira ambiri adawona pamalingaliro awa kuphwanya ufulu wachipembedzo.

Zotsatira zake, pa Julayi 10, 2020, aboma adaganiza zotheka kupempherera Asilamu. Tsiku lomwelo, lamulo la Purezidenti Erdogan waku Turkey, Aya Sophia adakhala mzikiti mwalamulo.
Werengani komanso: Suleymaniye Mosque ndi kachisi wodziwika bwino wachisilamu ku Istanbul.

Zomangamanga ndi zokongoletsera mkati

Mosque wa Hagia Sophia (Cathedral) ku Turkey ndi tchalitchi chokhala ndi makona anayi chokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba atatu, kumadzulo komwe kuli magawo awiri. Kutalika kwa kachisiyo ndi 100 mita, m'lifupi ndi 69.5 mita, kutalika kwa dome ndi 55.6 mita, ndikutalika kwake ndi 31 mita. Zipangizo zazikulu zomangira nyumbayo zinali za ma marble, koma njerwa zopepuka ndi njerwa za mchenga zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kutsogolo kwake kwa Hagia Sophia, kuli bwalo lomwe lili ndi kasupe pakati. Ndipo zitseko zisanu ndi zinayi zimatsogolera ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale: m'masiku akale, ndi mfumu yokha yomwe ingagwiritse ntchito chapakati.

Koma ngakhale tchalitchicho chikuwoneka bwino bwanji kunja, zinthu zomangamanga zenizeni zili ndizokongoletsa mkati mwake. Holo ya tchalitchichi ili ndi nyumba ziwiri (kumtunda ndi kumunsi), zopangidwa ndi marble, zotumizidwa ku Istanbul kuchokera ku Roma. Gawo lakumunsi limakongoletsedwa ndi zipilala 104, ndipo gawo lakumtunda - 64. Ndizosatheka kupeza malo mu tchalitchi chachikulu chomwe sichinakongoletsedwe. Mkati mwake mumakhala zojambulajambula zambiri, zojambulajambula, zokutira siliva ndi golide, masitepe ndi zinthu zaminyanga. Pali nthano yoti poyamba Justinian adakonza zokongoletsa pakachisi ndi golide wokha, koma oloserawo adamulepheretsa, kulosera za nthawi za opemphapempha ndi mafumu adyera omwe sakanasiya chinyumba chilichonse chapamwamba.

Zithunzi za ku Byzantine ndi zithunzi zake ndizofunika kwambiri ku tchalitchi chachikulu. Zasungidwa bwino, makamaka chifukwa chakuti Ottoman omwe adabwera ku Constantinople adangoyala mafano achikhristu, potero kuwonongera. Powonekera olakika aku Turkey likulu, mkati mwa kachisi mudawonjezeredwa ndi mihrab (mawonekedwe achisilamu ofanana ndi guwa lansembe), bokosi la sultan ndi minbara ya mabulo (guwa lamzikiti). Komanso makandulo achikhalidwe cha Chikhristu adachoka mkatikati, omwe adalowedwa m'malo ndi chandelier zanyali yazithunzi.

M'magazini yoyambayo, Aya Sofya ku Istanbul adawunikiridwa ndi mawindo 214, koma popita nthawi, chifukwa cha nyumba zowonjezera m'malo opembedzeramo, ndi 181 okha omwe adatsala. Mphekesera zikuti nthawi iliyonse akawerengedwa, pamakhala zitseko zatsopano zomwe sizinawonekerepo kale. Pansi pa gawo la nyumbayo, njira zapansi panthaka zidapezeka, zodzaza ndi madzi apansi panthaka. Pakufufuza kwamakonzedwe oterewa, asayansi adapeza njira yachinsinsi yochokera ku tchalitchi chachikulu kupita kumalo ena odziwika ku Istanbul - Nyumba Yachifumu ya Topkapi. Zodzikongoletsera ndi zotsalira za anthu zimapezekanso pano.

Zokongoletsera nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndizolemera kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kuzifotokoza mwachidule, ndipo palibe chithunzi chimodzi cha Hagia Sophia ku Istanbul chomwe chimatha kupereka chisomo, mawonekedwe ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka pano. Chifukwa chake, onetsetsani kuti mwachezera chipilala chapaderachi kuti mudzionere nokha ukulu wake.

Momwe mungafikire kumeneko

Hagia Sophia ili ku Sultanahmet Square, m'boma lakale la Istanbul lotchedwa Fatih. Mtunda wochokera ku Ataturk Airport kupita kukopeka ndi 20 km. Ngati mukufuna kukaona kachisi nthawi yomweyo mukafika mumzinda, ndiye kuti mutha kufika pamalopo ndi taxi kapena poyendera anthu, oyimiridwa ndi metro ndi tram.

Mutha kufika pa metro molunjika kuchokera ku eyapoti, ndikutsatira zikwangwani zofananira. Muyenera kutenga mzere wa M1 ndikukwera pa siteshoni ya Zeytinburnu. Mtengo wake uzikhala 2.6 tl. Mukatuluka munjanji yapansi panthaka, muyenera kuyenda pang'ono kuposa kilomita kum'mawa motsatira Seyit Nizam Street, pomwe sitima yamagetsi ya tram ya T 1 Kabataş - Bağcılar tram ili (mtengo paulendo 1.95 tl). Muyenera kutsika pamalo oyimilira a Sultanahmet, ndipo mumamita 300 okha mudzapezeka ku tchalitchi chachikulu.

Ngati mukupita kukachisi osati kuchokera kubwalo la ndege, koma kuchokera kumalo ena mumzindawu, ndiye kuti mukufunikanso kukwera pa T 1 tram line ndikutsika pa Sultanahmet stop.

Zolemba: M'chigawo chiti cha Istanbul ndibwino kuti alendo azikhala masiku ochepa.

Yerekezerani mitengo ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito Fomu iyi

Zambiri zothandiza

• Adilesi yeniyeni: Sultanahmet Meydanı, Fatih, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Malipiro olowera: aulere.
• Ndandanda yamapemphero imapezeka patsamba lino: namazvakitleri.diyanet.gov.tr.

Malangizo Othandiza

Ngati mukukonzekera kukaona Hagia Sophia ku Istanbul, onetsetsani kuti mwamvera malingaliro a alendo omwe abwera kuno. Ifenso, titaphunzira ndemanga za apaulendo, tapanga malangizo athu othandiza kwambiri:

1. Ndibwino kuti mupite kukopa pa 08: 00-08: 30 m'mawa. Pambuyo pa 09:00, pamakhala mizere yayitali ku tchalitchi chachikulu, ndipo kuyimirira panja, makamaka kutalika kwa nyengo yachilimwe, kumakhala kotopetsa.
2. Ngati, kuphatikiza pa Hagia Sophia, mukufuna kukaona malo ena odziwika ku Istanbul ndi khomo lolipira, tikukulangizani kuti mugule khadi yapadera yosungira zinthu yomwe ili yoyenera mumzinda. Mtengo wake ndi 125 tl. Kupita kotere sikungokupulumutsirani ndalama, komanso kupewa mizere yayitali potuluka.
3. Vulani nsapato zanu musanaponde pamphasa.
4. Pewani kuyendera mzikiti nthawi ya mapemphero (kasanu patsiku), makamaka masana Lachisanu.
5. Amayi amaloledwa kulowa mu Hagia Sophia atangovala mipango. Amatha kubwereka kwaulere pakhomo.
6. Ndizotheka kujambula zokongoletsa zamkati mwa nyumbayo, koma simuyenera kujambula zithunzi za opembedza.

7. Onetsetsani kuti mwabwera ndi madzi. Kutentha kwambiri ku Istanbul m'miyezi yotentha, chifukwa chake simungathe kukhala opanda madzi. Madzi atha kugulidwa kudera la tchalitchi chachikulu, koma adzawononga kangapo.
8. Alendo omwe adayendera malo owonetsera zakale amalimbikitsa kuti asapitirire maola awiri kuti apite ku Hagia Sophia.
9. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mupeze kalozera kuti mupite ku tchalitchi chachikulu kwathunthu. Mutha kupeza wowongolera yemwe amalankhula Chirasha pakhomo. Iliyonse ili ndi mtengo wake, koma ku Turkey nthawi zonse mumatha kuchita malonda.
10. Ngati simukufuna kuwononga ndalama pagulu lowongolera, ndiye kuti mugule zowongolera, ndipo ngati njirayi sikukuyenerani, musanapite ku tchalitchichi, yang'anani kanema wapa Hagia Sophia waku National Geographic.
11. Apaulendo ena amalangiza kuti asayendere kachisi madzulo, chifukwa, malinga ndi iwo, masana okha ndiomwe mumatha kuwona zonse zamkati.

Kutulutsa

Hagia Sophia mosakayikira ndiwofunika kukopa ku Istanbul. Ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso ndi malingaliro ochokera m'nkhaniyi, mutha kukonza ulendowu woyenera ndikupeza bwino kwambiri m'malo owonera zakale.

Onerani kanemayo: Discovering Hidden Mosques in Istanbul (September 2024).