Philumenia: Zaka 200 Zosonkhanitsa Mbiri
Zinthu zambiri wamba zimazungulira munthu mchisangalalo cha moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Koma baji ya nondescript, ndalama kapena chizindikiro chosadziwika ili ndi mbiri yake, nthawi zina yochititsa chidwi. Bokosi lamachesi lokhala ndi chizindikiritso - chosungira "moto woyatsidwa", limatha kunena za mbiri ya dzikolo nthawi yomwe idatulutsidwa. Itha kukhala nsanja yaying'ono yotsatsa malonda, mwanjira ina - kutsatsa kapena kupatsa chisangalalo kwa osonkhanitsa. Phylumenia ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane.
Kodi mawu oti "phylumenia" amatanthauzanji?
Mawu akuti filumeniya amatanthauza imodzi mwanjira zosonkhanitsira. Anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako amatenga zilembo zamasewera, mabokosi, timabuku (machesi) ndi zina zomwe zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mutuwu.
Mizu ya philological ya mawuwa ndi ochokera ku Greek-Latin. Philumenia imaphatikizapo mawu awiri - Greek "Afilosofi" (kukonda) ndi latin "Lumen" (moto). Mkazi wachingerezi Marjorie Evans mchaka cha 1943 kwa nthawi yoyamba adapempha mwalamulo kuti atumizidwe "phillumeny"... Mu Chingerezi, malingaliro awa amawoneka motere -«phillumeny "... Malinga ndi chidwi chake, amatha kufananizidwa ndi philately - masampampu otolera.
MFUNDO! Mu Chirasha, phylumenia poyamba inalembedwa ndi zilembo ziwiri "l". Komabe, mu 1960 lamulo la Politburo lidaperekedwa, pomwe mawuwa adalembedwa ndi chilembo chimodzi "l". Zotsatira zake, lingaliroli lidasowa m'madikishonale azaka khumi ndipo lidangowonekera m'ma 70s m'zaka zapitazi ndikulemba kwatsopano.
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Mbiri
Kusonkhanitsa zolemba pamasewera kuli ndi zaka zoposa 200 zokumana nazo. Anayamba kusonkhanitsa mabokosi amachesi nthawi yomweyo, mabokosi amachesi atangowonekera m'mashelufu ogulitsa. Osonkhanitsa ena amanyadira chuma chomwe awonetserako - zilembo zochokera m'mabokosi momwe munali machesi a "mankhwala". Zinthu zoterezi zidayamba pafupifupi 1810-1815! Mu 1826 kapena 1827 (tsiku lenileni silikudziwika), pomwe "zonyanyala" zikufanana - malingaliro a wopanga Chingerezi a John Walker, adayamba kupangidwa pamafakitale, kutolera mabokosi osiyanasiyana adafalikira.
MFUNDO! Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha, magulu osonkhanitsa ofananirana adakhazikitsidwa ndipo mabuku apadera adayamba kufalitsidwa. Tsoka ilo, mayanjano awa adasowa mu crucible ya World War II. Komabe, pambuyo pa 1945 magulu atsopano osonkhanitsa adayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Momwe mungasankhire bokosilo
Kusonkhanitsa ndi njira yosonkhanitsira. Wokhometsa aliyense amachita zomwe akufuna, kukhala ndi chidwi ndi imodzi, mwina mitu ingapo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu ali wofunitsitsa kusonkhanitsa mabokosi okhala ndi zilembo kuyambira nthawi ya USSR ndipo adakumana ndi bokosi lamachesi lomwe linali ndi chithunzi cha A. A. Gagarin, yemwe adachita kuwuluka kwake kosafa pa Epulo 12, 1961, ndibwino kuti zithandizire pamndandanda. Mwa njira, pali ziwonetsero zina 6 mndandandawu - ndi Valentina Tereshkova, G.S. Titov ndi cosmonauts ena. Ku Soviet Union, njira zambiri zosangalatsa zidapangidwa:
- Achinyamata ngwazi a Great Patriotic War.
- Zithunzi za zovala zamayiko aku Union.
- Mndandanda wamagalimoto amphesa.
- Zoo mndandanda.
- Masewera.
- Zithunzi, zosokoneza kusiya kumwa zina ndi zina.
Posankha mutu, muyenera kusonkhanitsa mndandanda wonsewo. Izi ndi zomwe kusonkhanitsa kuli. Ndikofunika kuti philumenist iyemwini kuti bokosi lomwe lili ndi chizindikirocho lili bwino.
Momwe mungasungire chopereka
Mwinanso ndi owerengera okha omwe angamvetsetse akatswiriwa. Kupatula apo, masitampu, monga zolemba machesi, ndi zinthu zosalimba. Zopangidwa ndi pepala ndi inki zomwe zimazimiririka pakapita nthawi. Achifilosofi amasunga mawonekedwe awo mu ma Albamu apadera, ndipo akatswiri othandizira maphunziro amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo:
- Mothandizidwa ndi chimbale chodzipangira. Pamwamba pa bokosilo mumamatira papepala lakuda. Kenako mapepala amasokedwa pamodzi ndi ulusi wolimba wa nayiloni, motero amapanga chimbale.
- Ndi bokosi. Nthawi zina, akatswiri a philumenists samachita chidwi ndi zojambulazo. Chiwonetserocho ndichofunika pamapangidwe abokosilo, momwe amatsegulira, ngakhale machesi omwe ali mkati mwake. Zikatero, chimbalecho sichili choyenera - pambuyo pake, muyenera kusunga bokosi lonselo.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chimbale chopangidwa ndi manja kapena bokosi, "moyo" wazosonkhanitsazo ungakulitsidwe kwambiri.
Philumenia mdziko lapansi komanso ku Russia
Pambuyo pa 1945, philumenia idayamba kupeza mphamvu, kukopa mamembala atsopano padziko lonse lapansi. Pakadali pano, gulu lalikulu kwambiri lokhala ndi nyumba zotsogola limawerengedwa kuti ndi Chingerezi "The British Matchbox Label & Booklet Society", yomwe sikuti imangokhudza UK komanso mayiko akale okha, komanso mayiko ena. Ku Russia, chizolowezicho chinawonekera asanayambe kupanga ndi kugulitsa machesi awo. Apaulendo ndi oyendetsa sitima amabwera ndi mabokosi ochokera kumayiko akutali ngati zikumbutso, monga maginito a firiji lero. Pakubuka kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, kusonkhanitsa ziwonetsero 1000 kudalengezedwa.
Pambuyo pa kuwombera mbiri ya Aurora mu 1917, philumenia idasokonekera. Chizindikiro chosayenerera chinapachikidwa - "tsankho la bourgeois." Komabe, kuyambira chapakatikati pa zaka zapitazo, magawo a okhometsa matchbox adayamba kulinganizidwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya Soviet Union. Nthawi yopambana ya philumeny mu Union idagwera zaka makumi awiri - kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1980. Ngakhale fakitale yotchuka ya Balabanovskaya idatulutsa zilembo zapadera za osonkhanitsa. Gululi lidaphatikizidwa ndi mafakitale aku Baltic omwe amagwirira ntchito msika wakunyumba. Chifukwa choti mafakitale ambiri adasiya mabokosi owoneka bwino ndikusinthira makatoni, phylumenia idayambiranso kuchepa.
MFUNDO! Lero filumenia ikukumana ndi chitsitsimutso china. Pali zibonga 2 ku Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Chiwerengero cha mamembala awo chikukula pang'onopang'ono. Maderawa adayamba kufalitsa zolemba zapadera - "Moscow Philumenist" ndi "Nevsky Philumenist".
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Kodi mabokosiwo angawononge ndalama zingati
Ponena za mtengo wamagulu osonkhanitsidwa, ndikuyenera kudziwa kuti chizindikiro chokha chomwe chimaikidwa pa chimbale ndi bokosi lokhala ndi chithunzi ndizinthu zosiyana kwa munthu womvetsetsa. Pachiyambi, chiwonetserocho chilibe phindu, ndipo mtengo wake umakhala wofanana. China chake ndi bokosi lamachesi lomwe lili ndi chizindikiritso, koma chili bwino - makope otere amatha kutenga ma ruble masauzande ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zaku Germany zaku 1941 zidagula ma ruble 300 pa kope lililonse, koma kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1990 ndalama zokhazokha zimangotenga ma ruble 30 okha. Mtengowo umadalira pamutu womwewo, kufalitsa kwake komanso chitetezo chake.
Philumenia, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe enaake, imachepa kapena imayambiranso. Kusonkhanitsa zikhumbo zamasewera ndimasewera otchovera juga omwe amakopa mamembala atsopano padziko lonse lapansi. Kusonkhanitsa zopereka kunyumba, munthu agwera mu mbiri ya dziko, kumva mpweya wa nyengo, timadziwa bwino momwe anthu ankakhalira m'dziko linalake.
Philumenia imakopanso chifukwa chakuti palibe ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zomwe zimafunikira kuti zitolere chidwi. Ndikokwanira kukhala ndi ma ruble a 100 mthumba mwanu ndikufunitsitsa kulowa nawo kuphunzira za mbiriyakale posonkhanitsa. Kwa oyamba kumene, intaneti, pomwe pamakhala mabungwe azachilumba, komwe kumachitika zokambirana, kusinthana kapena kugula / kugulitsa zilembo kumachitika.