Delphi: zokopa za 8 mumzinda wakale wa Greece

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Delphi (Greece) ndi malo akale omwe amakhala pamalo otsetsereka a Phiri la Parnassus kumwera chakum'mawa kwa dera la Phocis. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe chadzikoli, chomwe lero chidasandutsidwa malo owonetsera zakale. Zolemba zambiri zakale zidapulumuka m'derali, zomwe zambiri zawonongedwa kwazaka mazana ambiri ndi zivomezi ndipo lero ndi mabwinja. Komabe, Delphi imadzutsa chidwi chenicheni pakati pa alendo, onse okonda nthano zakale zachi Greek komanso pakati pa okonda mbiri yakale.

Mabwinja a Delphi ali pamtunda wa makilomita 9.5 kuchokera kugombe la Gulf of Corinth, pamtunda wa mamita 700 pamwamba pa nyanja. 1.5 km kuchokera kumudzi wakale kuli tawuni yaying'ono yofanana, yomwe anthu ake sapitilira anthu 3000. Ndiko komwe mitundu yonse ya mahotela ndi malo odyera amalimbikira, pomwe alendo amapita kukayenda kukopa zokopa kwanuko. Musanafotokozere zinthu zodziwika bwino za mzindawu, ndikofunikira kuti mufufuze mbiri yake, komanso kuti mudziwe bwino nthano.

Zolemba zakale. Nthano

Tsiku lenileni lomwe Delphi adawonekera silikudziwika, koma kafukufuku wamabwinja omwe adachitika mdera lawo akuwonetsa kuti kuyambira zaka za zana la 16 BC. Malowa anali ofunikira kwambiri pachipembedzo: kale panthawiyo kulambira mulungu wamkazi, yemwe amadziwika kuti mayi wa Dziko Lonse Lapansi, kunakula pano. Pambuyo pazaka 500, chinthucho chinagwa pansi kwathunthu ndipo ndi zaka za 7-6th zokha. BC. anayamba kukhala ndi malo opatulika ofunikira ku Greece wakale. Munthawi imeneyi, obwebweta amzindawu anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu, otenga nawo mbali pazandale komanso zachipembedzo. Pofika zaka za zana lachisanu BC. Delphi idasandulika malo achitetezo achi Greek, Masewera a Pythian adayamba kuchitiramo, zomwe zidathandizira kusonkhezera nzika zadzikolo ndikuwapatsa mgwirizano wamayiko.

Komabe, pofika zaka za zana la 4 BC. Delphi idayamba kutaya kufunikira kwake kwakale, komabe idapitilizabe kukhala amodzi mwamalo opezekera achi Greek. Mu theka loyamba la zaka za zana lachitatu BC. A Gauls anaukira Greece ndipo analanda malo opatulika onse, kuphatikizapo kachisi wake wamkulu. M'zaka za zana loyamba BC. Mzindawu udalandidwa ndi Aroma, koma izi sizinalepheretse Agiriki kubwezeretsa kachisi ku Delphi, wowonongedwa ndi a Gauls, patatha zaka zana. Kuletsedwa kotsiriza kwa zochitika zamatsenga achi Greek kudachokera kwa mfumu ya Roma Theodosius I kokha mu 394.

Ponena za mzinda wakale wachi Greek, munthu sangagwire nthano zake zokha. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti Agiriki amakhulupirira kuti kulibe malo Padziko Lapansi ndi mphamvu yapadera. Amanenanso za Delphi. Nthano ina imati Zeus ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana adziko lapansi adatumiza ziwombankhanga ziwiri kuti zikomane, zomwe zidawoloka ndikupyozana milomo yakuthwa kutsetsereka kwa Phiri la Parnassus. Inali mfundo iyi yomwe idanenedwa kuti Mchombo wa Dziko Lapansi - likulu la dziko lapansi ndi mphamvu yapadera. Chifukwa chake, Delphi adawonekera, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala kachisi wakale wakale wachi Greek.

Nthano ina imanena kuti poyamba mzindawu unali wa Gaia - mulungu wamkazi wa Dziko Lapansi ndi mayi wamlengalenga ndi nyanja, yemwe pambuyo pake adapatsira mbadwa zake, m'modzi mwa iwo anali Apollo. Polemekeza mulungu dzuwa, akachisi 5 adamangidwa ku Delphi, koma zidutswa za m'modzi yekha zidapezekabe mpaka pano.

Zowoneka

Mbiri yolemera yamzindawu tsopano ikuwonekera bwino pazokopa zazikulu za Delphi ku Greece. Pamalo a chinthucho, mabwinja a nyumba zingapo zakale asungidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha alendo ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuyang'ana mu Museum of Archaeological Museum pano, komanso kusangalala ndi malo okongola a Phiri la Parnassus. Tiyeni tiganizire chilichonse mwatsatanetsatane.

Kachisi wa Apollo

Mzinda wakale wa Delphi ku Greece udatchuka kwambiri makamaka chifukwa cha zidutswa za Kachisi wa Apollo zomwe zidasungidwa pano. Nyumbayi idamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 4 BC, ndipo kwa zaka 800 idakhala ngati imodzi mwamahema akale achi Greek. Malinga ndi nthanoyo, mulungu dzuwa yekha adalamula kuti amange kachisiyu, ndipo kuchokera pano pomwe wansembe wamkazi wa Pythia adalosera. Amwendamnjira ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana achi Greek adabwera kukachisi ndikupita kukalondola kuti awatsogolere. Chokopacho chidapezeka kokha mu 1892 pakufukula zakale. Lero kokha maziko ndi zipilala zingapo zosalimba zotsalira kuchokera ku Kachisi wa Apollo. Chosangalatsa kwambiri apa ndi khoma lomwe lili kumapeto kwa malo opatulika: zolemba zambiri ndi zonena za akatswiri anzeru andale omwe adatumizidwa kwa Apollo zasungidwa pamenepo.

Mabwinja a mzinda wa Delphi

Mukayang'ana chithunzi cha Delphi ku Greece, mudzawona mabwinja ndi miyala yosokonekera yomwe kale idamanga nyumba zazikuluzikulu. Tsopano pakati pawo mutha kuwona zinthu zosiyana monga:

Masewero. Pafupi ndi kachisi wa Apollo pali mabwinja amalo akale ku Delphi. Nyumbayi, yazaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, idakhala ndi mizere 35 ndipo imatha kukhala ndi anthu zikwi zisanu. Lero, maziko okha ndi omwe adapulumuka kuchokera kumalo owonetsera zisudzo.
Sitediyamu yakale. Ichi ndi chizindikiro china chodziwika bwino chomwe chili pafupi ndi bwaloli. Bwaloli nthawi ina linali bwalo lamasewera, pomwe Masewera a Pythian amachitikira kanayi pachaka. Mpaka owonera 6 zikwi zingapo amatha kuyendera nyumbayo nthawi yomweyo.
Kachisi wa Athena. Mu chithunzi cha zovuta zakale, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona kukopa kumeneku, komwe kwakhala chizindikiro chake. Kachisi wa Athena ku Delphi adamangidwa m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza miyala yamiyala ndi miyala ya mabulo, kuti kachisiyo akhale wowoneka bwino. Panthawiyo, chinthucho chinali tholos - nyumba yozungulira, yokongoletsedwa ndi khonde la zipilala 20 ndi mizati 10 yopingasa. Zaka zikwi ziwiri zapitazo, padenga la nyumbayo panali zisoti zachifanizo cha azimayi omwe akuwonetsedwa mukuvina. Lero, mizati 3 yokha, maziko ndi masitepe otsalira kuchokera pamenepo.

Chuma cha Atene. Kukopa kunabadwa mchaka cha 5th BC. ndipo inakhala chizindikiro cha kupambana kwa nzika za Atene pankhondo ya ku Salami. Chuma cha Atene ku Delphi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zikho ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zina mwa zinthu zambiri zidaperekedwa kwa Apollo. Kapangidwe kamabokosi aka kakadalipo mpaka pano. Ngakhale lero, mnyumbayi mutha kuwona zozokotedwa zosonyeza zochokera ku zikhulupiriro zakale zachi Greek, zojambula zosiyanasiyana ndi odes kwa mulungu Apollo.
Guwa lansembe. Mosiyana ndi Kachisi wa Apollo ku Delphi, mutha kuwona kukopa kwamtengo wapatali - guwa lansembe lalikulu la malo opatulika. Chopangidwa ndi mabulosi akuda kwathunthu, chimakumbukira ukulu wakale wa mzindawu komanso kufunika kwake m'mbiri yachi Greek.

Zambiri zothandiza

Adilesiyi: Delphi 330 54, Greece.
Maola otseguka: tsiku lililonse kuyambira 08:30 mpaka 19:00. Chokopa chimatsekedwa patchuthi chapagulu.
Malipiro olowera: 12 € (pamtengo umaphatikizaponso khomo la malo ofukula zakale).

Malo Ofukula Zakale

Atafufuza m'mabwinja a mzinda wa Delphi, alendo nthawi zambiri amapita kumalo owonera zakale. Nyumba zowonongekazi komanso zolemera bwino zimafotokoza zakapangidwe ka chikhalidwe chachi Greek. Mwa zina mwa ziwonetsero zake ndi zoyambirira zokha zomwe zidapezeka pazofukula zakale. Msonkhanowu mutha kuwona zida zakale, mayunifolomu, zodzikongoletsera ndi zinthu zapakhomo. Zisonyezero zina zimatsimikizira kuti Agiriki adabwereka miyambo ina yaku Egypt: makamaka chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa sphinx yopangidwa mwanjira yachi Greek.

Pano mutha kuwona ziboliboli zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zojambulidwa, ndipo chifanizo cha Charioteer, choponyedwa mkuwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu BC, chikuyenera kusamalidwa mwapadera. Kwa zaka zopitilira 2 zikwi, idakhala pansi pamabwinja akale akale, ndipo mu 1896 ndi pomwe asayansi adapezeka. Muyenera kupatula ola limodzi kuti mupite kukaona zakale. Mutha kutenga chitsogozo chamawu mu Chingerezi pamalopo.

Adilesiyi: Delphi Archaeological Museum, Delphi 330 54, Greece.
Maola otseguka: tsiku lililonse kuyambira 08:30 mpaka 16:00.
Malipiro olowera: 12 € (iyi ndi tikiti imodzi yomwe imaphatikizira kulowa kumalo owonetsera zakale).

Phiri la Parnassus

Malongosoledwe athu a zokopa za Delphi ndi chithunzi chimatha ndi nkhani yokhudza malo achilengedwe omwe adachita gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'dziko lakale la Greece. Tikulankhula za Phiri la Parnassus, kutsetsereka chakumadzulo komwe Delphi ili. Mu nthano zachi Greek, zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunika padziko lapansi. Alendo ambiri amapita kuphirili kuti akaone okha kasupe wotchuka wa Kastalsky, yemwe kale anali kasupe wopatulika, pomwe mizimuyo inkachita miyambo yakutsuka, pambuyo pake adalosera.

Lero, Phiri la Parnassus ndi malo otchuka othamangirako ski. Ndipo nthawi yotentha, alendo amayenda maulendo apaulendo, kutsatira njira zodziwika bwino zamapiri zopita kuphanga la Korikian kapena kukafika pamalo okwera - Liacura peak (2547 m). Kuchokera pamwamba pa phirilo, malingaliro ochititsa chidwi a mitengo ya azitona ndi midzi yoyandikana imatseguka, ndipo nyengo yotentha mutha kuwona mawonekedwe a Olympus kuchokera pano. Mapiri ambiri ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, pomwe California spruce imakula. Pamodzi mwa malo otsetsereka a Parnassus, pamtunda wa 960 m pamwamba pa nyanja, pali mudzi wawung'ono wa Arachova, wotchuka chifukwa cha zokambirana zake, komwe mungagule makapeti opangidwa ndi manja okha.

Momwe mungafikire kumeneko

Ngati mungaganize zopita kumalo opatulika a Apollo ku Delphi ndi malo ena akale, ndiye kuti zingakhale zothandiza kuti muphunzire momwe mungapitire kumzindawu. Njira yosavuta yofikira pamalowo ndi kuchokera ku Athens. Delphi ili pamtunda wa makilomita 182 kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa likulu lachi Greek. Tsiku lililonse, mabasi apakati a kampani ya KTEL amachoka pa siteshoni yamzinda wa KTEL Bus Station Pokwerera B kulowera kwina.

Nthawi yonyamula imatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira mphindi 30 mpaka maola 2. Mtengo wa ulendowu ndi 16.40 € ndipo ulendowu umatenga pafupifupi maola atatu. Nthawi yake yeniyeni imawoneka patsamba lovomerezeka la kampaniyo www.ktel-fokidas.gr. Ndikosavuta kufikira ku Delphi ndi kusamutsa kusanachitike, koma pakadali pano, mudzayenera kulipira osachepera 100 € paulendo wopita.

Zosangalatsa

Malinga ndi nthano zaku Greece Yakale, Phiri la Parnassus linali malo okondwerera milungu yakale yachi Greek, koma Apollo ndi ma nymph ake 9 adakonda malowa koposa.
Dera la Kachisi wa Apollo ku Delphi linali 1440 m². Mkati mwake, chinali chokongoletsedwa bwino ndi ziboliboli za milungu, ndipo kunja kwake chinali chokongoletsedwa bwino ndi zipilala 40 kutalika kwa 12 m.

Pali nthano zonena kuti mkati mwa kuneneratu kwake wansembe wamkazi wa Pythia adalimbikitsidwa ndi utsi womwe umabwera kuchokera kumiyala yapafupi ndi kachisi wa Apollo. Pofukula ku Delphi mu 1892, asayansi adapeza zolakwika ziwiri pansi pa kachisiyo, pomwe panali ethane ndi methane, zomwe, monga mukudziwa, pamitundu ina, zimatha kuledzera pang'ono.
Amakhulupirira kuti sianthu aku Greece okha omwe amabwera ku zamatsenga za Delphi, komanso olamulira akumayiko ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amabwera ndi mphatso zamtengo wapatali. Imodzi mwa mphatso zabwino kwambiri (ngakhale a Herodotus amatchulapo zochitikazo m'mawu ake 3 zaka mazana atatu pambuyo pake) inali mpando wachifumu wagolide, woperekedwa kwa wolankhulira ndi mfumu ya ku Frigiya. Lero, chifano chaching'ono chanyanga chaminyanga ya njovu, chomwe chimapezeka mosungira chuma pafupi ndi kachisi, ndi chomwe chatsalira pampando wachifumu.

Yerekezerani mitengo ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito Fomu iyi

Malangizo Othandiza

Ngati mwachita chidwi ndi chithunzi cha Delphi ku Greece, ndipo mukuganiza zopita kumalo ovuta akalewa, samalani mndandanda wazomwe zili pansipa, zolembedwa pamalingaliro a alendo omwe adayendera malowa kale.

Kuti muwone zowonera mzindawu, muyenera kuthana ndi mapiri okwera komanso zotsika zosatetezeka. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kupita ku Delphi mu zovala zabwino ndi nsapato zamasewera.

Pamwambapa takambirana kale za kachisi wa Athena, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ili kutsidya kwa msewu wakum'mawa kuchokera kuzowoneka zazikuluzikulu. Pakhomo la mabwinja a nyumbayi ndi laulere.
Chakudya chamasana chatsala pang'ono, alendo ambiri amadziunjikira ku Delphi, chifukwa chake ndibwino kuti mufike m'mawa kwambiri kuti adzatsegule.
Konzani zocheza osachepera 2 maola kuyendera zovuta zakale ndi zakale.
Onetsetsani kuti mwabwera ndi madzi akumwa.
Ndi bwino kupita ku Delphi (Greece) m'miyezi yozizira, monga Meyi, Juni kapena Okutobala. M'nyengo yayitali, kutentha ndi kutentha komwe kumatha kukhumudwitsa aliyense kuti aziyendera mabwinja.