Malaibulale 15 osangalatsa kwambiri komanso osazolowereka padziko lapansi
Kodi ndi mayanjano ati omwe muli nawo ndi mawu oti library? Mwinamwake mungaganizire zipinda zotopetsa zokhala ndi mashelufu afumbi okhala ndi mabuku okhala ndi nthawi. Kapena mukuganiza kuti pali malo akuluakulu ambiri omwe amasunga zikalata ndi zikwatu. Kaya muli ndi chithunzi chotani m'maganizo mwanu, sizokayikitsa kuti zingakukumbutseni zakutali za mabuku omwe tikukambirana lero m'nkhani yathu.
Zosonkhanitsazi zitembenuza malingaliro anu, ndipo mudzasintha kosatha lingaliro lanu la momwe mabuku osoweka komanso apadera amasungidwa. Ndiye, kodi mwakonzeka kudziwa komwe kuli malaibulale achilendo kwambiri padziko lapansi?
Laibulale ya Trinity College
Ili ku Dublin, ndalamayi ndi imodzi mwalaibulale yokongola kwambiri komanso yachilendo padziko lonse lapansi ndipo yakhala nyumba yokhazikika ya Buku lotchuka la Kells, lopangidwa mu 800 ndi amonke aku Ireland. Nyumbayi ili munyumba zisanu, zinayi zomwe zili ku Trinity College ndipo imodzi ku Chipatala cha St James. Nyumba yayikulu ya Library yakale, yotchedwa "Long Room", ndiyotambalala mamita 65. Inamangidwa pakati pa 1712 ndi 1732 ndipo lero ili ndi zolemba zoposa 200,000 zakale kwambiri.
Long Room poyambirira inali malo otseguka okhala ndi denga lathyathyathya, pomwe mavoliyumu anali kungoikidwa m'mashelufu apansi. Koma koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, laibulale idapeza ufulu wosunga makoma ake buku lililonse lofalitsidwa ku Ireland ndi Great Britain, ndipo kunalibe mashelefu okwanira. Mu 1860, zidagamulidwa kukulitsa malo osungira mabuku ndikuyika chapamwamba momwemo, chomwe chimafuna kukweza denga mamitala angapo ndikusintha mawonekedwe ake kukhala phompho.
Laibulale ya ku Austria
Laibulale ya National Austrian, yomwe ili ku Vienna, ndiye malo osungira mabuku kwambiri ku Austria, omwe ali ndi mabuku opitilira 7.4 miliyoni ndi ma 180,000 a papyri, akale kwambiri kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 15 BC, m'magulu osiyanasiyana. e. Yakhazikitsidwa ndi mzera wachifumu wa a Habsburgs, poyambirira amatchedwa "Imperial Library", koma mu 1920 adapeza dzina lake.
Nyumba yosungiramo laibulale imaphatikizapo malo osungiramo zinthu zakale 4, komanso zolemba zambiri. Ntchito yayikulu yosungira ndikusunga ndi kusunga zolemba zonse zofalitsidwa ku Austria, kuphatikiza zofalitsa zamagetsi.
Mbali yapadera ya nyumbayi ndi kapangidwe kake koyambirira: makoma ndi kudenga pano zajambulidwa ndi zojambulidwa, ndipo nyumbayo imakongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli zambiri. Ndiye chifukwa chake laibulaleyi imadziwika kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Library ya Congress
Malo ena osungira mabuku amakhala mumzinda wa Washington, Washington. Idakhazikitsidwa mu 1800 Purezidenti John Adams atasaina chikalata chosunthira likulu la dzikolo kuchokera ku Philadelphia kupita ku Washington. Kenako mtsogoleri waboma adayamba kupanga laibulale yachilendo yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi gulu lapadera la anthu odzipereka ochokera kuboma. Lero zitseko za chipinda chotchinga ndizotsegulidwa kwa aliyense wazaka zopitilira 16, koma zina mwa zakale zake zidatchulidwabe ngati "zachinsinsi" ndipo sizotheka anthu wamba.
Library of Congress imawerengedwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, yomwe ili ndi mamiliyoni a mabuku, zolemba pamanja, zolemba, zithunzi ndi mamapu. Kope loyamba losindikizidwa la US Declaration of Independence (1776) lidakhala laibulale yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Ndilo bungwe lakale kwambiri ku America komanso limafufuza za DRM. Malinga ndi malamulo aku US, zofalitsa zilizonse mdziko muno ziyenera kukhala ndi zina kuti zitumizidwe kunyumba yosungira milandu ya Congress.
Laibulale ya ku France
Mndandanda wathu wamalaibulale osangalatsa padziko lapansi umaphatikizapo National Book Depository yaku France, yomwe ili ku Paris. Chuma cholembedwachi, chokhala ndi mbiri yachifumu, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1368 ku Louvre Palace ndi King Charles V. Koma mu 1996, chipinda chovundikiracho chidalandira malo okhala, okhala ndi nsanja zinayi, zomangidwa ngati buku lotseguka.
Kutolere kwa laibulale yachilendoyi ndikwapadera ndipo kulibe kufanana nawo padziko lapansi. Lili ndi mabuku 14 miliyoni, zikalata zosindikizidwa, zolemba pamanja, zithunzi, mamapu ndi mapulani, komanso ndalama zachikale, mendulo ndi zinthu zokongoletsera. Imaperekanso zolemba zamakanema ndi makanema komanso ziwonetsero za multimedia.
Ku National Library ku France, alendo atha kupeza zambiri komanso zatsatanetsatane, kaya zasayansi kapena zaluso. Chaka chilichonse, chifukwa cha zopereka ndi zopereka, kusungidwa kwa malo osungira zinthu kumadzazidwa ndi zikalata zatsopano 150,000.
Laibulale ya Mzinda wa Stuttgart
Mmodzi mwa malaibulale abwino kwambiri ku Germany ali ku Stuttgart. Zomangamanga zakunja kwa nyumbayi, yomwe ndi kacube wamba, ndizosavuta ndipo sizokayikitsa kuti zingakhale zosangalatsa, koma kapangidwe kake kamkati ndi nyimbo yapaukadaulo komanso luso. Yomangidwa mu 2011, malo osungira mabukuwa ali pansi pa 9, iliyonse yomwe imaperekedwa pamutu wina, mwachitsanzo, zaluso kapena zolemba zaana.
Simupeza zipinda zowerengera zachikhalidwe zokhala ndi ziwiya zokongola pano, koma mungodabwe ndi masofa amtsogolo okhala ndi ma khushoni. Mahema omwe ali ndi zida zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kumvera nyimbo amangogwirizira zokongoletsa mchipindamo.
Kapangidwe kachilendo mkati mwa nyumbayi sikuti kudabwitsa chidwi chongoyerekeza chidwi cha alendo pamabuku. Komabe, zofalitsa zaukadaulo zayamikiradi koyenera kapangidwe ka malo osungira mzinda wa Stuttgart ndikuziyika pamndandanda wamalaibulale 25 okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Laibulale ya University of Aberdeen
Mu Seputembara 2012, Mfumukazi Elizabeth II yalengeza kutsegulidwa kovomerezeka kwa Library yatsopano ya University of Aberdeen ku Scotland. Nyumba yosazolowereka yokhala ndi malo okwana 15 500 sq. mamita anakhala likulu la maphunziro ndi kafukufuku wa ophunzira ku yunivesite. M'chaka choyamba cha ntchito, alendo opitilira 700 zikwi adayendera bungweli. Lili ndi mabuku pafupifupi 250,000, pamakhala chipinda chowerengera anthu 1200, ndipo malo owonetsera omwe amapezeka, komwe kumachitikira ziwonetsero ndi semina.
Zomangamanga zamakono zanyumbayi zimayenera kusamalidwa mwapadera: mawonekedwe ake akuphatikizika ndi magalasi ndi mizere yoyera ya pulasitiki, ndipo pakati pake pali malo amtsogolo omwe amafalikira magawo atatu a nyumbayo. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, laibulaleyi yakhala yovomerezeka kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilendo komanso zokongola kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Laibulale ya Bodleian
Laibulale ya Bodleian, yomwe ili ku Oxford, ndi imodzi mwazakale kwambiri ku Europe komanso yachiwiri kukula ku Britain, yomwe ili ndi mabuku ndi zikalata zopitilira 11 miliyoni. Apa ndi pomwe pamatuluka zofalitsa zonse zofalitsidwa ku England ndi Ireland. Malo osungira mabuku okongolawa amakhala nyumba zisanu ndipo ali ndi nthambi zingapo m'makoleji ndi mayunivesite mdziko muno. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti sizingatheke kutulutsa bukuli mnyumbamo: alendo angathe kuwerenga makopewa muzipinda zapadera zowerengera.
Laibulale ya Bodleian inamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 14 ndipo yakhala ikukonzanso zingapo. Chodziwika bwino chake ndi Radcliffe rotunda wachilendo, yemwe amakhala ndi zolemba zachipatala komanso zasayansi. M'mbuyomu, malamulo a bungweli amaletsa alendo kuti azitenga mafotokope a mabuku, koma lero zofunikira zatsitsidwa, ndipo tsopano aliyense ali ndi mwayi wopanga makope omwe adatulutsidwa pambuyo pa 1900.
Laibulale ya Juanin
Mmodzi mwa malaibulale okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi ali ku University of Coimbra ku Portugal. Chipindacho chinamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 18 nthawi ya ulamuliro wa King João V waku Portugal ndipo chimamupatsa dzina. Nyumbayi ili ndi maholo atatu, olekanitsidwa ndi zipilala zokongoletsedwa. Ojambula abwino kwambiri aku Portugal adagwiritsa ntchito zokongoletsa zachilengedwe, ndikukongoletsa kudenga ndi makoma a nyumbayo ndi zojambula za Baroque.
Lili ndi mavoliyumu opitilira 250,000 pamankhwala, geography, mbiri, nzeru, malamulo ovomerezeka ndi zamulungu. Ichi ndi chikumbutso chenicheni chadziko lofunika kwambiri kuboma ndipo chakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zokongola kwambiri ku Portugal.
Laibulale yachifumu
National Library of Denmark, yomwe ili ku Copenhagen, ilinso gawo la yunivesite yayikulu. Chosungira chosazolowereka ichi chidakhala ndi moyo mu 1648 chifukwa cha mfumu Frederick III, ndipo lero chimawerengedwa kuti ndichachikulu kwambiri m'maiko aku Scandinavia. Malowa ndi ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri: pambuyo pake, mkati mwamakoma ake muli zofalitsa zambiri zomwe zidafalitsidwa kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17.
Nyumbayi imapangidwa ndimitundu iwiri yopangidwa ndi magalasi ndi ma marble wakuda, omwe amadulidwa ndi galasi laling'ono. Nyumbayi ikulumikizidwa ndi laibulale yakale ya 1906 ndimadongosolo atatu. Mkati mwake, chipinda chodyeramo ndimalo amakono, owoneka ngati mafunde ofalikira pansi 8. Pakhomo la chipinda chowerengera, chokongoletsedwa ndi fresco yapadera ya 210 sq. mamita. Royal Book Depository ili ndi mtundu ndi mawonekedwe achilendo pa dzina "Black Diamond".
Laibulale ya El Escorial
Dera lachifumu la mzinda waku Spain wa San Lorenzo de El Escorial, womwe uli pamtunda wa makilomita 45 kuchokera ku Madrid, ndiye nyumba yachifumu yaku Spain. Ndipamene pali laibulale yachilendo ya El Escorial, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Holo yosungiramo zazikulu ndi kutalika kwa 54 mita ndi 10 mita kutalika. Apa, m'mashelefu okongola osungidwa, mavoliyumu oposa 40,000 amasungidwa, pomwe ena angapeze zolemba pamanja zofunika kwambiri, monga Golden Gospel ya Henry III.
Malo osungira mabuku a Escorial mulinso zolemba pamanja zachiarabu, zolemba zakale komanso zojambulajambula. Zitseko zanyumba ndi makoma anyumbayi ndizokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi zokongola zosonyeza mitundu 7 ya zaluso zowolowa manja: zolankhula, zomasulira, nyimbo, galamala, masamu, masamu ndi zakuthambo.
Laibulale ya Marciana
Laibulale ya National of St. Chizindikirocho chimakhala munyumba ya Renaissance ku Venice, Italy. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira kuboma zomwe zidakalipo mpaka pano, pomwe mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wamaphunziro akale ndi mipukutu yakale imayikiratu.
Nyumbayi ili ndi zokongoletsa kwambiri ndi ziboliboli, zipilala ndi zipilala, ndipo mkati mwa nyumbayo muli zokongoletsedwa ndi zojambulajambula ndi zojambula, zomwe zidapangidwa ndi akatswiri ojambula aku Italiya. Kukongoletsa kotereku kumapangitsa kuti chuma chalembachi chikhale chokongola komanso chosazolowereka padziko lapansi. Malo osungirawa ali ndi zofalitsa zoposa miliyoni miliyoni, zolemba pamanja zikwi 13 ndi zofalitsa pafupifupi 24,000 kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16. Chuma chenicheni cha mbiri yakale chimasungidwa pano: pangano la Marco Polo, nyimbo zoyimbira za Francesco Cavalli, ma code a banja la a Gonzaga ndi zina zambiri.
Laibulale ya Clementium
Clementium ndi nyumba yosaiwalika ku Prague yomwe ili ndi malaibulale okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi. Womangidwa mu 1722, chipinda chapaderacho chimapangidwa kalembedwe ka Baroque, ndipo lero dera lake limaposa ma mita 20 zikwi zikwi. Nyumba yachilendoyi yakhala pafupifupi 22,000 mwa mabuku osowa kwambiri omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri.
Zokongoletsa za Clementium sizongokhala zokongola zokha, koma luso kwambiri. Kudenga kozokotedwa, mipando yakale, mipando yokongoletsa golide ndi mabuku amtengo wapatali m'mashelufu osema akuyembekezera alendo obwera ku malaibulale osangalatsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Library ndi Chikhalidwe ku Vennesla
Malo osungira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi adakhazikitsidwa mu 2011 mumzinda wa Stavanger, womwe uli kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Norway. Nyumbayi ndi yopangidwa ndi matabwa 27 opangidwa ndi matabwa obwezerezedwanso. Pali kona yabwino yowerengera pakatikati pa arc iliyonse.
Pakumanga kwamakonzedwe amakono, makamaka matabwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito, motero nyumbayi imakwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri zachilengedwe. Laibulale ya Vennesla yapambana mpikisano zingapo zomanga ku Norway ndi kunja.
Laibulale ya ku Portugal
Laibulale ya Chipwitikizi, yomwe ili ku Rio de Janeiro, ku Brazil, ili pa nambala 4 pamndandanda wamabuku osangalatsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kapangidwe kachilendo kamapereka moni kwa alendo ake ndi kachipangizo kakang'ono kokhala ndi mawindo atali ndi ziboliboli zokhala ndi zojambulidwa. Ndipo mkati mwa nyumbayi mupezamo mkatikati mwa Gothic kuphatikiza kalembedwe ka Renaissance. Chipinda chowerengera m'chipindacho ndichodabwitsa ndi chandelier yake yayikulu yokongola, denga lalikulu ngati mawonekedwe azenera lamagalasi komanso pansi modabwitsa.
Laibulale yosangalatsayi ili ndi zolemba zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, kuphatikiza mavoliyumu opitilira 350 zikwi ndi mabuku osowa azaka za 16-18. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yonse imapezeka m'mitundu yamagetsi. Zofalitsa zikwizikwi zofalitsidwa mwalamulo ku Portugal zimabwera kuno chaka chilichonse.
Library yaku Victoria
Malo osungira mabuku akulu kwambiri m'boma la Australia ku Victoria ali ku Melbourne. Laibulaleyi idakhazikitsidwa mu 1856 ndipo chopereka chake choyamba chinali ndi mabuku pafupifupi 4,000. Lero, nyumbayi ili ndi chipinda chonse ndipo ili ndi zipinda zingapo zowerengera, ndipo mabuku opitilira 1.5 miliyoni apezeka m'malo ake osungira. Lili ndi zolemba zodziwika bwino za Captain Cook, komanso zolembedwa za abambo oyambitsa a Melbourne - John Pascoe Fockner ndi John Batman.
Mkati mwake mumakongoletsedwa ndi masitepe okongoletsedwa okongoletsedwa ndi kapeti, komanso malo owonetsera zaluso. Kunja, kuli paki yobiriwira komwe mungasangalale ndi zipilala zosema. Laibulale ya State of Victoria imatha kuonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Kutulutsa
Malaibulale osazolowereka kwambiri padziko lapansi akhala malo obisalako kudziwa zambiri, komanso zowoneka bwino zowoneka bwino, pomwe apaulendo aliyense wanzeru amafuna kupita. Ndipo kuyendera malo oterewa kumatha kusintha malingaliro anu momwe malaibulale enieni amayenera kuwonekera.